Check the Pressure
What does a CVP of 2mmHg most likely indicate
Hypovolemia
What is the normal range of serum sodium in adults
135-145 mEq/L
What fluid is isotonic and commonly used for resuscitation
NS (0.9% NaCl)
What is the normal range of pH in adults?
7.35-7.45
What does the dicrotic notch on an arterial waveform represent
Closure of the aortic valve
Which electrolyte disturbance causes peaked T waves on EKG
Hyperkalemia
What is the primary risk of using hypotonic fluids like 0.45% saline?
Cellular swelling, which can lead to complications such as cerebral edema.
What is the primary purpose of measuring lactate levels?
Assessing tissue perfusion
Which device measures cardiac output and mixed venous oxygen saturation
Pulmonary Artery Catheter
Which electrolyte imbalance prolongs the QT intervanl on EKG
Hypocalcemia
Why is normal saline associated with metabolic acidosis?
Normal saline contains a high chloride concentration, which can disrupt the acid-base balance by reducing bicarbonate levels.
What is the primary compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis?
Hyperventilation
What does a widened pulse pressure most commonly indicate?
Aortic Regurgitation
What is the management of Hyperkalemia (3 steps)
1. Stabilize (Calcium)
2. Shift (Insulin + D50, Albuterol, Bicarb)
3. Excrete (Lokelma, Lasix, HD)
What is the approximate intravascular retention of 1 liter of normal saline after 1 hour?
About 250 mL (25%), as the rest distributes into the interstitial and intracellular spaces.
What pH and Bicarb level need to be met to fit criteria for DKA?
Bicarb: <15
What does NICOM (Non-Invasive Cardiac Output Monitoring) primarily measure to assess fluid responsiveness?
changes in stroke volume and cardiac output in response to fluid challenges or passive leg raises, helping to determine fluid responsiveness.
What are the emergent indications for HD?
AEIOU
A - acidosis
E - Electrolytes (K)
I - Intoxication
O - Overload
U - Symptomatic Uremia
What is the composition of LR (Na, K, Cl, Ca, Lactate)?
Sodium (Na+): Approximately 130 mEq/L
Potassium (K+): Approximately 4 mEq/L
Calcium (Ca++): Approximately 3 mEq/L
Chloride (Cl-): Approximately 109 mEq/L
Lactate: Approximately 28 mEq/L (in the form of sodium lactate)
In a patient with respiratory alkalosis, what is the expected change in bicarbonate levels during chronic compensation?
Bicarbonate levels decrease due to renal compensation, as the kidneys excrete more bicarbonate to restore acid-base balance.