Health & Stress
What model explains health as a combination of biological, psychological, and social factors?
Biopsychosocial model
Name the three prenatal developmental stages in order
Germinal, embryonic, fetal
What model states mental disorders arise from vulnerability plus stress?
Diathesis-stress model
What therapy style uses unconditional positive regard and focuses on personal growth?
Client-centered (humanistic) therapy
What bias explains our tendency to blame others’ behavior on personality, not the situation?
Fundamental attribution error (FAE)
What are the two major physiological stress pathways?
SAM and HPA axis
What are Piaget’s two processes for learning: fitting new information into old schemas vs. modifying schemas?
Assimilation and accommodation
What is the difference between point prevalence and lifetime prevalence?
Point = at a specific time; lifetime = ever in one’s life
What therapy technique gradually exposes people to their fears?
Exposure therapy / systematic desensitization
What theory explains why people help less when others are present?
Bystander effect
What term describes cumulative wear and tear on the body from chronic stress?
Allostatic load
What method is used to study infant attention by showing decreased interest in familiar stimuli?
Habituation
In OCD, what are intrusive thoughts called, and what are repetitive behaviors called?
Obsessions and compulsions
Which therapy challenges distorted thoughts and replaces them with realistic ones?
Cognitive restructuring / CB
What classic study showed conformity due to social pressure using lines of different lengths?
Asch line experiment
Which personality type is most associated with stress-related health risks?
Type A
What attachment style shows distress during separation but comfort upon reunion?
Secure attachment
Name one positive and one negative symptom of schizophrenia
Positive: hallucinations/delusions
Negative: flat affect/social withdrawal
What type of medication treats hallucinations and delusions and comes in “typical” and “atypical” forms?
Antipsychotics
What theory explains prejudice arising from competition over scarce resources?
Realistic group conflict theory
What genetic model explains how certain alleles (like short vs long serotonin alleles) react differently to environments?
Gene × Environment interaction / differential sensitivity hypothesis
What is theory of mind, and when does it normally emerge?
Theory of Mind = understanding that others have different beliefs, thoughts, and intentions, around 4-5 years old
What is the diathesis in the diathesis–stress model, and give one example of a biological or psychological diathesis?
The diathesis is a preexisting vulnerability to the development of a disorder
Examples include: genetic predisposition, early childhood trauma, neurochemical imbalance, temperament traits (e.g., high neuroticism)
What biological treatments are used for severe depression when medication/therapy fail? (Name one)
ECT, deep brain stimulation, vagal nerve stimulation
What model describes attitude change through central or peripheral processing?
Elaboration likelihood model (ELM)