Figurative Language
Connotation/Denotation
Text Structures
Meaning and Tone
Evaluating Arguments
100

This type of figurative language makes a comparison using the words LIKE or AS

What is a simile?

100

Choose the word with the more negative connotation.

A woman ran her fingers across the ____________________ fabric.

  1. overpriced
  2. expensive

What is over priced?

100

 Droughts occur when there is not enough water to meet people’s basic needs. Since water is such an essential part of life, droughts trigger a chain reaction of disasters. Without water, farmers have trouble producing crops and feeding livestock. A decrease in crop production and livestock occurs, and this leads to famine. Without moisture to hold down the soil, wind can easily pick up mounds of dirt and sand. An increase in dust storms occurs, and this leads to increased respiratory problems for humans. Wildfires are also common in times of drought. They destroy precious vegetation and animal habitats. 

How is this passage organized?

 A. description

B. compare and contrast

 C. chronological order

  D. cause and effect


WWhat is cause and effect?What ishat is light verse?

100

We must do something about the trash that floats in the Trinity River. It is too unsafe for the city and for the families who visit the river every year. The trash floats to the surface and makes the water unsafe so that nothing can survive in it. Even the animals that live on and near the river need to be saved from the filth. Bits and pieces of the trash invade their homes and cause great harm. No person and no living thing deserve the effects that the trash creates when it is thrown carelessly into the river. It is our duty to clean the water. It is our responsibility to keep what our community holds dear free from harm.

What best describes the tone throughout the passage?


 A. nervous
 B. earnest
 C. amused
 D. calm


What is eanest?

100


Pigs are curious animals thought to be more intelligent than an average three-year-old human child. They are smarter than dogs and every bit as friendly. They are also loyal and affectionate. When in their natural surroundings, they are social, playful, and protective animals. They bond with each other and make beds. They like to relax in the sun and cool off in the mud.
     Most people are not that familiar with pigs. You may be surprised to learn that they dream and recognize their names. They play video games better than some primates, like monkeys and apes. They also lead social lives as complicated as the lives of primates.
     People who run animal shelters often describe pigs as having human characteristics. They've learned that pigs enjoy listening to music and playing with soccer balls. They even love getting massages!
This selection is most likely written from whose point of view?
 A. a person who studies animal behavior
 B. an expert in human characteristics
 C. an expert in massage therapy
 D. a person who studies primates

WWhat is a person who studies animal behavior?

200

This figure of speech makes a direct comparison between two things without using the words LIKE or AS.

What is a metaphor?

200

Which word has a positive connotation?

  1. smirking
  2. smiling
  3. cat-eatin-grin

What is smiling?

200

 Icicles are pretty sights during the wintertime because they hang like ornaments. They dangle up high in places, like house roof tops, buildings, and trees. Because of this, icicles are dangerous to be around. When the sun comes out and melts the ice, the icicles can fall down. This can severely injure anyone who is found below. In addition, if too much ice forms around an object, such as a tree branch, the ice can cause it to break. Therefore, it is best to be careful when walking under them.

Which text structure did the writer use to organize this passage?


  A. cause and effect
 B. definition
 C. classification
 D. compare and contrast


etWhat is cause and effect?ry?

200
Hush! Be mindful of where you are,
Be careful where you tread,
For you don't want to go too far,
Too far ahead.

Beware! Look all around,
Look everywhere.
Frightful things can be found,
So please take care.

What best describes the tone throughout the poem?


 A. sincere
 B. cautious
 C. scornful
 D. formal



What is cautious?at is A?

200

Water is the single most important natural resource on Earth. And though 72% of our planet is covered in water, we cannot take it for granted. Instead, we must be careful to use water only when necessary. The less water that we waste, the more clean water we will have in the future.
     There are a number of ways to save water. The best place to start is in the bathroom. Why? Because studies show that three-fourths of the water we use indoors is used in the bathroom. Therefore, it is in the bathroom where we should pay close attention to our habits.
     For example, what do you do when washing your hands? Many people turn the water on and then lather up with soap while the faucet is running. No big deal, right? After all, washing your hands takes only ten seconds or so.
     But then, imagine how many times in your life you will wash your hands. Now imagine how much water you will save by turning off the faucet while you lather up with soap. Talk about an easy way to save a huge quantity of water!
     In general, saving water involves changing only a few wasteful habits. Most people find that these habits are actually pretty easy to change. Give it a try yourself and you’ll agree: saving our most important natural resource is easy!

What is the author's purpose in writing this article?

  A. to convince people to change their habits in order to save water
 B. to show how difficult it can be to save water indoors
 C. to convince people not to use water in the bathroom
 D. to explain why dirty water can cause long-term health problems


What is 

Water is the single most important natural resource on Earth. And though 72% of our planet is covered in water, we cannot take it for granted. Instead, we must be careful to use water only when necessary. The less water that we waste, the more clean water we will have in the future.
     There are a number of ways to save water. The best place to start is in the bathroom. Why? Because studies show that three-fourths of the water we use indoors is used in the bathroom. Therefore, it is in the bathroom where we should pay close attention to our habits.
     For example, what do you do when washing your hands? Many people turn the water on and then lather up with soap while the faucet is running. No big deal, right? After all, washing your hands takes only ten seconds or so.
     But then, imagine how many times in your life you will wash your hands. Now imagine how much water you will save by turning off the faucet while you lather up with soap. Talk about an easy way to save a huge quantity of water!
     In general, saving water involves changing only a few wasteful habits. Most people find that these habits are actually pretty easy to change. Give it a try yourself and you’ll agree: saving our most important natural resource is easy!

What is the author's purpose in writing this article?to convince people to change their habits in order to save water?

 


300
This type of figurative language gives human characteristics to animals or objects.
What is personification?
300

What is the denotation of "denotation"?

  1. something suggested by a word or thing
  2. the dictionary meaning of a word or phrase
  3. a quality, feeling, or attitude expressed by the words that someone uses in speaking or writing
  4. overall feeling, emotion or effect created in the reading

What is the dictionary meaning of a word or hrase?

300


  Flowers can brighten up a room with their colors and their scents. When it comes to choosing flowers, some people have to choose between real and silk flowers. Fresh flowers give life to the room with its smell and the fact that they are real. Also, these flowers can be very expensive because they have to be grown. They can be very fragile as well. In contrast, silk flowers are made of more durable material and will not wilt like real flowers. Depending on how they are made, these flowers can be less expensive. Sometimes, silk flowers do not look real. This causes the flowers to lose their appeal. Either way, flowers, real or silk, give much cheer to a room.

How is this passage organized?

 A. cause and effect because the reasons a person buys flowers are described
 B. classification because the topic of real flowers is divided into subtopics
  C. compare and contrast because real flowers are compared to silk ones
 D. definition because the flower's scent is defined and and its uses are given



What is compare and contrast?

300
There is no one
That can be better
Because you are brilliant.
There is nothing
That you cannot do
Because you are unbeatable.
There is no place
That you cannot go
Because you are always welcomed.
There is no person
That can hold you back
Because you are unstoppable.

In the poem, why does the author choose to use the words "brilliant," "unbeatable," and "unstoppable"?


 A. to encourage a person
 B. to tell a person to stop
 C. to plead with someone
 D. to welcome someone


What is to encourage a person?

300

  Water is the single most important natural resource on Earth. And though 72% of our planet is covered in water, we cannot take it for granted. Instead, we must be careful to use water only when necessary. The less water that we waste, the more clean water we will have in the future.
     There are a number of ways to save water. The best place to start is in the bathroom. Why? Because studies show that three-fourths of the water we use indoors is used in the bathroom. Therefore, it is in the bathroom where we should pay close attention to our habits.
     For example, what do you do when washing your hands? Many people turn the water on and then lather up with soap while the faucet is running. No big deal, right? After all, washing your hands takes only ten seconds or so.
     But then, imagine how many times in your life you will wash your hands. Now imagine how much water you will save by turning off the faucet while you lather up with soap. Talk about an easy way to save a huge quantity of water!
     In general, saving water involves changing only a few wasteful habits. Most people find that these habits are actually pretty easy to change. Give it a try yourself and you’ll agree: saving our most important natural resource is easy!

What sentence from the passage best supports the author's claim that we cannot take water for granted?

  A. Water is the single most important natural resource on Earth.
 B. In general, saving water involves changing only a few wasteful habits.
 C. After all, washing your hands takes only ten seconds or so.
 D. Most people find that these habits are actually pretty easy to change.

What is water is the single most important natural resource on Earth?

400

This type of figurative language is an intentional (and extreme) exaggeration.

What is hyperbole?

400

The emotional or imaginative association connected to a word:

  1. connotation
  2. denotation
  3. euphemism
  4. analogy

What is connotation?

400


Two strong black men were on the front lines of the civil rights movement in the 1950s and 1960s. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X both believed in equality for all people. However, they argued their shared goal in very different ways. King believed in a nonviolent approach to change. He wanted to keep the peace and fight for rights through speech and peaceful action. Malcolm X argued that sometimes violence was necessary. He believed that all people of color needed to fight for equality through whatever means necessary. He did not believe that speeches and other peaceful urgings were going to change the world.
This passage is organized using
 A. question and answer.
 B. problem and solution.
  C. compare and contrast.
 D. cause and effect.



WhaWhat is compare and contrast?t is pattern poetry?

400

There is no person like me in my middle school or on Earth. My mom will have to agree with me about that because she always says there’s no kid like me. She says this as she shakes her head whenever she witnesses my greatness, which happens almost every day.
     I believe my mom because I am special. No one can match my intelligence—not even my teachers who do not seem to teach me anything at all. I am kind enough to sit and listen to them, yet they have the nerve to give me a D in each of my classes. The teachers are jealous of my brain. No one else has one like mine—I am unique. My classmates are jealous of me as well. I try to help them out when they are doing something wrong. However, they refuse to be helped when I tell them they are doing something so wrong. I would think anyone would like my assistance.

What best describes the tone throughout the passage?

 A. relaxed
 B. scornful
 C. conceited
 D. joyful


WWhat is conceited?

400


 Pigs are curious animals thought to be more intelligent than an average three-year-old human child. They are smarter than dogs and every bit as friendly. They are also loyal and affectionate. When in their natural surroundings, they are social, playful, and protective animals. They bond with each other and make beds. They like to relax in the sun and cool off in the mud.
     Most people are not that familiar with pigs. You may be surprised to learn that they dream and recognize their names. They play video games better than some primates, like monkeys and apes. They also lead social lives as complicated as the lives of primates.
     People who run animal shelters often describe pigs as having human characteristics. They've learned that pigs enjoy listening to music and playing with soccer balls. They even love getting massages!

The author of this article believes pigs are smarter than many other animals. Which statement below shows this point of view in the passage?

  A. They play video games better than some primates.
 B. Most people are not that familiar with pigs.
 C. They like to relax in the sun and cool off in the mud.
 D. They even love getting massages.



What is they play video games better than some primates?

500

This is the repetition of a consonant sound at the beginning of words.

What is alliteration?

500

To smile in an offensively self-satisfied manner; to grin; to sneer.

  1. smirked
  2. carnage
  3. boudoir
  4. grin

What is smirked?

500

 The story of my life so far is not a very long one. I was born in Jackson, Mississippi, in 1990. When I was five, I started kindergarten. In 1997 my twin sisters, Abby and Amanda, were born. Now I’m 12 years old, and I’m a student at Roosevelt Middle School in Meridian, Mississippi.

What organizational structure did the author of this paragraph use?


 A. chronological order
 B. cause/effect
 C. compare/contrast
 D. inductive reasoning


What is chronological order?

500


 There is no wonder grander than the Grand Canyon. It sits on the Colorado Plateau. The canyon is so great that it is even considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Natural World. It is a true delight to see the vast beauty of the canyon as it stretches an amazing 277 miles.
     The Grand Canyon made its remarkable formation about 17 million years ago. Through years of erosion, the Colorado River carefully carved the mile-deep canyon. The river helped create the different layers found on the canyon walls. This adds to the wonder of the Grand Canyon. Even the people from the canyon have rich histories. The Native Americans such as the Navajo have used the canyon for hundreds of years. Today, the Navajo have a reservation on the eastern side of the Grand Canyon.
     Everyone should visit the Grand Canyon once in their lifetime. Come and see why the canyon is one of the Seven Wonders of the Natural World.

Which of the following words contributes to the admiring tone of the passage?
 A. vast
 B. carefully
 C. different
 D. remarkable

What is remarkable?

500

 I had a very strict mother. When we stepped out of line, Mom showed us the consequences. Fighting was not allowed, wailing in a store for candy was not accepted, and we ate our peas. How did she do it? She set rules when we were still babies. She carried out those rules with love and steadiness. If one plan did not work with my sly brother, she would change her plan. We knew she was the boss, and we wanted it that way. She was bigger and smarter, so she was never controlled by her children. She was not afraid to say no. Sometimes when I see young mothers in the supermarket with out-of-control kids, I think of my mom and the respect she developed in us. What a difference. I am certain she is the best mom in the world.

The author writes with a bias toward his mother. Which statement best supports that bias?

 A. ...so she was never controlled by her children.
 B. She set rules when we were still babies.
 C. ...wailing in a store for candy was not accepted...
 D. I am certain she is the best mom in the world.


What is I am certain she is the best mom in the world?