Terminology Anatomy
Name the directional terms used to describe the regions of the brain (Draw this out)
What are rostral, caudal, dorsal, ventral, medial and lateral?
Name the two types of photoreceptors.
What are rods and cones?
Name the two important structures in the inner ear.
What are the cochlea and basilar membrane?
The small protrusions from the dendrites of our olfactory receptor cells.
What is the cilia?
Name the lobe responsible for motor function
what is the frontal lobe
Name the 3 sectional cuts of the brain. (Draw this out)
What are coronal, sagittal, and horizontal plane?
Name the characteristics of rods and cones.
What are [rods: functions in low lights, no color detection, low spatial acuity] and [cones: functions in high light levels, color detection, high spatial acuity]?
Name the order in which light passes through the retina.
What is retinal ganglion cells to bipolar cells to photoreceptors?
Our Cilia are coated with ___ and when odorants are detected they ___ the cell which initiates a(n) ___
What are G-protein-coupled-receptors, depolarize, and action potential?
Name the neurotransmitter that's released onto muscle fibers.
What is acetylcholine?
Name the main responsibilities of the four brain lobes.
What is...
Occipital Lobe (vision), Temporal lobe (sensory processing), Parietal lobe (w/ PFC to make decisions and receive sensory info), and Frontal lobe (judgment and motor control)?
Name the cell layer in the retina that fires action potentials.
What are retinal ganglion cells (RGCs)?
These actions occur when stereocilia physically bend.
What is the mechanically-gated K+ channels open and K+ flows into the cell?
You become consciously aware of odors when the olfactory cortex sends information to these two areas of the brain.
What is the mediodorsal thalamus and orbitofrontal cortex?
Parkinson’s disease is primarily caused by the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in this brain structure.
What is the substantia nigra?
Name the two responsibilities of the brainstem.
What are controls automatic functions (e.g., sleeping, breathing) and makes modulatory neurotransmitters (ex., dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine)?
Your patient ran into a brick wall and hurt their eye. Name the issue that'd occur if their left optic nerve is fully severed.
What is part of the visual information from the left visual field would be lost?
Describe the pathway of auditory information processing.
What is spiral ganglion neurons → nuclei in the medulla → inferior colliculus → thalamus → cortex?
Olfactory neurons that express the same receptor type get sent to...
What is they'll be sent to the same glomerulus in the olfactory bulb?
Damage to this brain structure can result in uncoordinated movements and difficulty with tasks like walking or writing.
What is the cerebellum?
Name the main responsibilities of the thalamus and hypothalamus
What are sensory relay (thalamus) and controls the autonomic & endocrine system (hypothalamus)?
Damage to this stream results in "blindsight".
What is the ventral stream?
If your inner hair cells are damaged, this cell type must be directly stimulated by cochlear implants to help you hear.
What is the spiral ganglion neurons?
You experience damage specifically to the part of the thalamus that is responsible for sending odor information from the olfactory cortex (piriform cortex) to the frontal cortex. Name the consequences to the olfactory pathway(s).
What is normal emotional processing but impaired conscious processing?
List the correct order of motor control steps: decision-making, motor planning, muscle activation, sensory processing, and command execution. Add which brain region is responsible for each step.
What is sensory processing (parietal cortex) → goal/decision-making (prefrontal cortex) → motor planning (secondary motor cortex & primary motor cortex) → command execution (primary motor cortex) → muscle activation (primary motor cortex)?