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European Empires in the Americas
Russian Empire
Asian Empires: China
Asian Empires: The Mughal Empire
Asian Empires:The Ottomans
100
Unlike the other empires discussed in this chapter, European empires in the Americas were distinctive for this key reason.
What is because they were across an ocean (transoceanic)?
100
Raids from neighboring pastoral peoples in the south and east, and the "soft gold" of fur-bearing animals in the east, motivated this three century phenomenon that began in the 16th century around Moscow.
What is the creation of the Russian Empire?
100
Unlike the Ming Dynasty, which had rejected expansion after the voyages of Zheng He in the 15th century, this dynasty created a Chinese land empire beginning in the 17th century (double points if you can name the ethnicity of the dynastic rulers).
What is the Qing? What is Manchu?
100
The central division within Mughal India was this.
What is the religious divide between Hindus and Muslims?
100
Beginning around 1300 the Ottoman state was transformed from a small frontier principality to a prosperous, powerful, cosmopolitan empire, heir to both the Islamic world and this longstanding state.
What is the Byzantine empire?
200
European power rivalries, Christian missionary enthusiasm, direct access to Asian markets, and opportunities to improve social status all fall into this category connected to European expansion to the Americas.
What is motivations for imperialism?
200
Like the indigenous peoples of the Americas, native peoples of Siberia experienced this biological phenomenon as Russians traveled east from their homelands for conquest and settlement.
What is the devastation of disease?
200
Recollection of the Mongol takeover of the 13th century, as well as eastward expansion of the Russian state, led to this motivation for Chinese empire-building.
What is security? (viewed as a defensive necessity against the Zunghars).
200
The Mughal Empire's most famous emperor, Akbar, was a practitioner of this religion.
What is Islam?
200
After a thousand years as heir to the magnificence of Rome, the Byzantine empire came to an end with this important military event of 1453.
What is the conquest of Constantinople?
300
Building on Chinese and Islamic precedents, the development of these technologies allowed Europeans to cross the Atlantic with growing ease.
What is seafaring technology? (e.g. innovations in mapmaking, navigation, sailing techniques, and ship design)
300
The spread of Russian settlers across Siberia and the Russian Steppes resulted in this disruption, which upset local economic patterns and made local people dependent on Russian goods and markets.
What is the loss of hunting grounds and pasturelands?
300
The text identifies this as an example of how Chinese empire-building was similar to that of other empires, involving Mongol aristocrats, Muslim officials, Buddhist leaders in conquered territories.
What is the use of local notable people to help govern?
300
The textbook cites Mughal Emperor Akbar's building of mosques and Hindu temples, and his creation of the "House of Worship," as examples of this important policy of his rule.
What is toleration (of cultural difference, blended culture)?
300
Compared to earlier pastoral society, Ottoman rule was more restricted for this segment of society, but compared to European counterparts, it was more liberal.
Who are women?
400
This term is used to indicate the tremendous transatlantic transfer of ideas, plants, and animals (including disease and slaves) that followed the European "discovery" of the Americas and resulted in a global biological regime.
What is the Columbian Exchange?
400
This trend over the three centuries of Russia's expansion was one of its most significant influences on the lives of conquered territories, resulting in a multi-ethnic demographic characteristic that is prominent in Russia today.
What is the settlement of ethnic Russians in conquered lands?
400
Unlike the Russians, the Chinese did not use this strategy in its empire-building, partly because they did not want to "soften" conquered Mongol warriors so that they could be more effective if recruited as soldiers for the state.
What is assimilation/settlement?
400
Mughal emperor Aurangzeb reversed his predecessor's policies and sought to impose this over the Hindu dominated empire.
What is Islamic supremacy?
400
The text compares Ottoman rule to that of Mughal emperor Akbar in its description of this important policy approach to non-Muslims.
What is tolerance?
500
Europe's American colonial empires greatly facilitated this geopolitical transition.
What is a shifting global balance of power?
500
The wealth of empire — rich agricultural lands, valuable furs, mineral deposits — played a major role in this enduring legacy of Russian expansion, which remains relevant today.
What is the making of Russia as a world power?
500
The expansion of the Chinese empire, along with the expansion of the Russian empire, resulted in this significant transformation of central Asian culture, economy and society.
What is the elimination of pastoral nomads as major players?
500
Though it began with a highly significant encounter between two of the world’s great religious traditions and an experiment in multi- cultural empire building, the Mughal empire had this ironic outcome.
What is increased antagonism between Hindus and Muslims in South Asia?
500
Ottoman rule of Balkan Christians meant lower taxes and less oppression than they'd experienced under their Byzantine rulers, but this special policy regarding young boys was a source of anguish for Christian communities.
What is the devshirme? (taking young boys and training them for administrative and military service).