Hypothalamus
Name the 3 zones of the hypothalamus.
Periventricular zone, medial zone, lateral zone
Name the 3 glands of the adrenal cortex and what they secrete.
What are:
Zona glomerulosa-aldosterone
Zona fasciculata-Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Zona reticularis- (weak) Androgens
An increase in this neurotransmitter from preganglionic sympathetic neurons results in the calcium dependent exocytosis of vesicles containing catecholamines?
What is Acetylcholine (ACh)
These are the percentages used to calculate total body water (TBW) for men and women.
What are 60% for men, 50% for women?
Before becoming the 2023 NFL Offensive Player of the Year, this former Stanford star and future hall of famer once recorded over 1,000 rushing and 1,000 receiving yards in the same season — a feat matched by only two others in NFL history.
Who is christian mccaffrey?
These are the 2 nuclei that are responsible for the magnocellular system, secreting AVP and oxytocin.
What are the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus?
This zone of the adrenal cortex is known to stain darkly due to its low concentration of lipid droplets; it has small cells arranged in a "reticular" network
What is the zona reticularis?
This catecholamine has a higher affinity for Beta-2 receptors, causing vasodilation.
What is Epinepherine?
This would be the expected volume and osmolality changes in a patient with dehydration/loss of hypotonic fluid.
What is increased osmolality, decreased ICF volume and decreased ECF volume.
Drafted in the fifth round out of Iowa in 2017, this All-Pro tight end is arguably the best tight end in the NFL, known for his record-setting 210 receiving yards in a single half, his love of WWE, and his mantra to “run through someone’s face.”
Who is George Kittle?
A 54-year-old man with chronic alcohol use presents with confusion, gait ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia that partially improves after thiamine administration. He later develops profound anterograde amnesia with confabulation. An MRI would likely show bilateral atrophy of these:
What are mammillary bodies
A 45-year-old man presents with dizziness and muscle weakness. Blood pressure is 92/58 mm Hg. Labs show hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and a normal anion gap metabolic acidosis. Urinalysis suggests impaired distal nephron H+ secretion. These findings are most consistent with impaired action of a hormone that normally increases Na+ reabsorption and K+/H+ secretion in the distal nephron. Damage to this region of the adrenal gland most likely explains this patient’s presentation?
What is the zona glomerulosa?
This is the significance of measuring metabolites such as VMA and metanephrines in the urine.
What is testing for catecholamine levels in the blood (excess VMA=high levels of catecholamines)
Name 3 stimuli and 1 inhibitor of ADH release.
What are:
Stimuli: Low plasma volume, Angiotensin II, high plasma osmolality, nicotine, nausea.
Inhibitors: Alcohol, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), cortisol
Despite being drafted third overall in 2018, this quarterback’s NFL debut at Ford Field began with a pick-six on his very first pass — only to rally for a 31-17 win. He has played for 5 teams in the NFL.
Who is Sam Darnold?
A sagittal MRI of the brain is reviewed to plan a hypothalamic approach. The radiologist identifies the third ventricle and notes a thin membrane forming the anterior wall between the anterior commissure superiorly and the optic chiasm inferiorly. Which structure is being identified, and thus marks an anterior boundary of the hypothalamus?
What is the lamina terminalis
A patient presents with high blood pH, hypokalemia, normal total calcium but low ionized calcium. An MRI shows a bilateral adrenal adenoma. He reports muscle spasms and cramping. This mechanism would be the most likely cause of his tetany.
What is increased calcium binding to albumin or low ionized calcium, resulting in lower threshold for action potential and muscle cramping?
Name the 2 enzymes responsible for degrading catecholamines, and where they are most active.
What are:
MAO-Intracellular degradation
COMT-Extracellular degradation
Name the 3 types of diabetes insipidus and 1 fun fact about each.
Neurogenic DI-Damage to hypothalamus or posterior pituitary causes low synthesis or secretion of ADH. Tx with desmopressin improves sxs.
Nephrogenic DI-Kidneys fail to respond to ADH. ADH levels may be normal/high, but problems with V2/Aquaporin 2 in kidneys. Pt does not respond to desmopressin treatment.
Psychogenic DI/Primary Polydipsia: Compulsive water drinking by psych pt, low osmolality prevents secretion of ADH. Can be treated with ADH supplementation.
Drafted first overall in 2005 ahead of Aaron Rodgers, this quarterback endured seven offensive coordinators in his first seven seasons before reinventing himself and leading his team to the 2011 NFC Championship. He has been coached by Urban Meyer, Jim Harbaugh, Andy Reid, and He won NFL Comeback Player of the Year in 2020.
Who is Alex Smith?
Often described as a "frayed rope," this forebrain bundle is a major longitudinal fiber system coursing through the lateral hypothalamic zone that interconnects limbic forebrain structures with the hypothalamus and extends into the brainstem, facilitating bidirectional communication important for motivated behaviors and autonomic regulation.
What is the medial forebrain bundle?
The adrenal gland has ___ blood supplies; name them.
What are 3 blood supplies; superior, inferior, and middle suprarenal arteries
Name the 5 adrenergic receptors, which g-protein they are coupled to, and the primary function of each.
What are:
Alpha 1: Gq, Vasoconstriction
Alpha 2: Gi, Vasoconstriction, decrease insulin and NE production
Beta 1: Gs, increase HR and contractility
Beta 2: Gs, Vasodilation, bronchodilation, increase glucagon (decrease insulin:glucagon ratio)
Beta 3: Gs, lipolysis in adipose tissue
A 66-year-old man with a 50–pack-year smoking history presents with headache and confusion. He is diagnosed with Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone, which can be caused by smoking or a small-cell lung carcinoma that produces ectopic ADH. His expected lab results for urine osmolality, blood osmolality, ADH, and [Na+] would be:
What is: HIGH ADH, high urine osmolality, low blood osmolality, and low [Na+]?
This former University of Nevada signal-caller remains the only player in FBS history with over 10,000 passing yards and 4,000 rushing yards. Drafted in the second round of 2011, he later led his team to within five yards of a Super Bowl win, famously beating Aaron Rodgers’ Packers twice in the playoffs — both times while out-rushing their entire offense.
Who is Colin Kaepernick?