This is the incidence of infective endocarditis in small animals.
What is very low/uncommon (<1%)?
100
These are the most common valves affected by IE.
What are mitral and aortic (L side)?
100
This is the most common clinical presentation of patients with IE.
What is ADR (anorexia, vomiting, lethargy)?
100
These two diagnostics tests are key to diagnosing endocarditis.
What are blood culture and echocardiogram?
100
Ideally an antibiotic used to treat endocarditis should have these characteristics
What is bactericidal, broad spectrum, given IV @ a high dosage?
200
This is the general cause of endocarditis.
What is infectious (bacterial or fungal)?
200
Infective endocarditis causes this type of gross valvular lesions
What is small nodules (vegetative) with ulcerated tissue?
200
These two physical exam findings when found together are highly suggestive of IE.
What are fever and a new murmur?
200
You would see this on echocardiogram.
What is:
Vegetative lesions on valves
Valvular insufficiency
+/- enlarged atria/ventricles if chronic
200
Examples of antibiotics that can be used to treat endocarditis include these.
What are:
Ampicillin + amikacin or gentamicin
2nd generation cephalosporins
timentin (ticarcillin/clavulonic acid)
300
This is the most common etiologic agent found to cause IE.
What is Staph aureus?
300
This is the initial event of the pathogenesis of endocarditis.
What is a bacteremia?
300
Aside from their cardiothoracic abnormalities, patients with endocarditis may also have these abnormal physical exam findings.
What are:
Lameness
Abdominal pain
Fever
300
You will find these abnormalities on bloodwork (CBC, Chem, UA)
What is:
CBC: anemia, inflammatory leukogram, thrombocytopenia
Chem: azotemia, elevated liver enzymes, hypoalbuminemia
UA: proteinuria, bacteriuria
300
Other than antibiotic treatment, these potential complications should also be addressed and treated.
What are:
CHF
arrhythmias
Renal failure
400
This is the common signalment that presents with IE.
What are:
Dogs
Age: 4-6 yrs
Males
Medium-large breeds: Boxers, German Shepherds
400
Transient bacteremia is a common event that the immune system can usually get rid of. Therefore, in order for endocarditis to occur , this must also be present.
What is endothelial damage?
400
Femoral pulses in patients with endocarditis are described as this.
What is hyperkinetic?
400
You will see these changes on thoracic radiographs.
What are:
None (if early/acute)
Cardiomegaly (especially left sided)
Edema (CHF or pneumonia)
400
This is the prognosis for patients diagnosed with IE.
What is poor?
500
This congenital defect is a risk factor for IE.
What is subaortic stenosis?
500
Histologically, the lesions consist of three layers. Name what is in each layer.
What is:
Inner layer: platelets, fibrin, RBCs
Middle layer: densely packed slowly metabolizing bacteria
Outer layer: fibrin
500
Vegetative lesions can have these type of effects on the heart.
What are:
Regurgitation (aortic or mitral)
Left atrial rupture
Intraventricular septal perforation or damage to the conduction system
500
It is possible to see these changes on ECG.
What are:
None (normal)
wide P wave, tall R wave (LA and LV enlargement)
Conduction blocks
Arrhythmias
500
It is recommended to give prophylactic antibiotics in these situations.
What is those that are potentially predisposed (ie boxed w/ subaortic stenosis) before procedures that are known to result in bacteremia (ie dental procedure).