Pathophysiology
What is Addison's disease?
Adrenal gland insufficiency, resulting in inadequate production of cortisol and aldosterone. Typically autoimmune
What are some symptoms of Addisons's disease?
Bronze pigmentation of skin
Hypotension
Abdominal pain
Weight loss
What is an appropriate treatment for type 1 diabetes?
A blood test that measures average blood glucose levels over the last 3 months; used to diagnose diabetes as well as determine effectiveness of management
What is a hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)?
What is Cushing's disease?
Excess of adrenal hormones, often caused by tumors or side effect of other medications
What are some symptoms of Cushing's disease?
Moon face
Buffalo hump
Truncal obesity
Increased hair
Hypertension
What are some complications of diabetes?
Cardiovascular disease
Hypertension
Kidney disease
Peripheral neuropathy
Retinopathy
Stroke
These secrete insulin which facilitates the uptake of glucose by cells from the bloodstream
What are pancreatic beta cells?
What is type 2 diabetes?
Insulin resistance, cells become resistant to effects of insulin causing hyperglycemia. Long term can cause pancreatic burnout and insufficient insulin production
What are some treatments for Cushing's disease?
Surgery to remove tumors
Medication adjustment
What are the hallmark symptoms of diabetes?
Polyuria
Polydipsia
Polyphagia
Hyperglycemia
A group of conditions that increase the risk of coronary heart disease, diabetes, and stroke
What is metabolic syndrome?
What is type 1 diabetes?
An autoimmune disorder where the immune system attacks pancreatic beta islet cells, leading to absolute deficiency of insulin production
What are some treatments for Addison's disease?
Oral glucocorticoid medications
Hydrocortisone
Prednisone
Dexamethasone
What are some treatments for type 2 diabetes?
Diet and exercise
Metformin
GLP-1 agonists
DPP-4 inhibitors
Insulin
The most important glucocorticoid because it plays a crucial role in metabolism, immune response, and the body’s response to stress.
What is cortisol?
What is an Addisonian crisis?
Life threatening medical emergency, severe lack of cortisol and aldosterone. Causes hyperkalemia and hyponatremia, as well as low blood pressure
What electrolyte imbalance might you see in Addison's disease?
Hyperkalemia
Related to diminished secretion of cortisol and aldosterone; a major function of aldosterone is increasing urinary potassium secretion
What can cause hypoglycemia?
Excessive insulin administration
Excessive physical activity
Missed or delayed meals
Excessive alcohol consumption
This life threatening condition occurs in severe hyperglycemia when the body breaks down fatty acids for energy, causing a buildup of ketones and metabolic acidosis
What is diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?