Endocrine

random

Hyperthyroidism

Hypothyroidism

Parathyroid

100

these are the definitions of negative feedback and positive feedback

(-) the rise of and end product inhibits the release of its stimulator

(+) the rise of the end product triggers the release of its inhibitor

100

These are the 4 main causes of Thyroid hormone "leakage" and their MOA

what are

-Hashi-toxicosis (autoimmune inflammation)

-dequarvains subacute (post-viral inflammation)

-post-partum (inflammation d/t increased demand from pregnancy)

-Amiodarone toxicity (release iodine = overproduction; inflammation = leakage)

100

These are the 4 diagnostic tests for a thyroid nodule

and the reasons for getting each one

what are

-TFTs (confirm thyrotoxicosis vs hypothyroidism, hot vs cold)

-Thyroid Scan (uptake, activity)

-U/S (size, location)
-FNA (confirm cancer, do when nodule is over 1cm or "cold"/low TSH)

100

does hyper or hypo parathyroidism cause kidney stones?

How?

Both

hyperparathyroid : too much PTH = too much calcium production (kidney can't handle excreting it all, calcium gets stuck in the kidney + crystallizes)

hypoparathyroid : not enough PTH = not enough calcium reabsorption (gets stuck in the kidney + crystallizes)

100

these are the levels for IMPAIRED (pre-diabetes)

FBS :

GluTolerance :

HgA1c :

FBS = 100-125

GluTolerance = 140-200

HgA1c = 5.7% to 6.5%

200

these are the four main causes of Cushing's syndrome

exogenous steroids

Cushing's disease (ACTH secreting pituitary adenoma)
Adrenal adenoma or carcinoma

ectopic ACTH production (paraneoplastic)

200

these are the three treatment options for thyroid storm

what are

-Iv beta blockers (propranolol or labetalol)

-CCB (verapamil)

-PTU

200

These are the three signs of myxedma coma

what are

-hypercapnic (CO2)

-hypothermic (COLD)

-hyponatremic (SODIUM)

200

elevation of what

causes "stones, bones, groans, moans, thrones, psychiatric overtones".

Why?

hypercalcemia leading to hyperpolarization of membranes (too hard for membranes to reach threshold)

200

these are the tests you can get for measuring average BG in

-last 3 months

-last 2 weeks

what are

-HgA1c

-fructosamine

-glycated albumin

300

these are the 4 things that cause death when GH hypersecretion is not treated

HTN

CVD

Colon cancer

300

These are the 6 "apathetic" thyrotoxicosis symptoms

(experienced in older people who take beta blockers)

what are

-weakness

-memory loss

-sinus tachycardia

-dizziness

-Afib

-Unintentional weight loss

pneumonic: "With Medications, Symptoms Don't Appear Usual"

300

these are the hallmarks of Riedel"s thyroiditis

fibrosis and infiltration by plasma cells

300

these are the treatments for

-Hypo-parathyroidism

-Acute Hypo-parathyroidism

-kidney stones d/t Hypo-parathyroidism

hypo-pth : PTH, Calcitriol, Calcium

Acute : IV Calcium gluconate

Inhibit kindey stone formation : thiazide dieuretics

300

these are the complications of DM

pneumonic "Diabetes Can₂ Really₂ Equal Many Negative₂ Problems₂"

what are

-DKA/hypoglycemia

-CAD/CVD

-Retinopathy/renovascular disease

-Erectile dysfunction

-microvascular disease (ex: pituitary ischemic infarct)

-Neuropathy/Nephropathy

-PVD + primary HTN

400

These are the 5 stigmata of Acromegaly d/t GH hypersecretion

-enlarged tongue

-coarse skin and hair

-enlargement of the bones (face, hands, feet)

-frontal bossing

-bromhidrosis

400

these are the 7 things which should make you suspect thyrotoxicosis

what are

-hyper-defacation

-Afib

-Bulging eyes/lid lag

-anxiety/psychosis

-osteoporosis

-unintended weight loss

400

these are the 4 indications for thyroidectomy

what are

-thyroid cancer or suspicion

-hyperthyroidism

-cosmetic

-compressing sx (hoarseness, dysphagia)

400

this is the most common XR finding of primary Hyperparathyroidism

what is : diffuse demineralization

other common finding is Rugger-Jersey spine

500

These are the symptoms d/t SIADH when sodium drops below

130 ___ ___ ___ ___ ___

120 ___ ___

115 ___ ___ ___ ___

130: anorexia, dyspnea, fatigue, dulled senses

120: vomiting, cramping

115: lethargy, seizures, coma, confusion

500

these are the three Ab found in Grave's disease

what are

-TRAb TSH receptor Ab

-TPOAb anti-thyroid peroxidase Ab

-TgAb anti-thyroglobulin Ab

500

these are the 5 locations where you see myxedema in HYPOthyroidism

what are

-head (expressionless, pallor)

-neck (slurred speech, hoarseness)

-hands

-feet

-supraclavicular

500

true or false:

PTH increases phosphate levels via increased osteoclast activity

true, it just doesn't increase phosphate levels overall b/c it inhibits it's reabsorption in the kidney

overall, PTH lowers phosphate levels

500

this is the formula for calculating serum osmolarity

(2 x Na) + (BUN / 2.8) + (Glu/18)

normal serum osml = 280-295