Obesity
This statistic, calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared, is often used to categorize individuals as underweight, normal, overweight, or obese.
Body Mass Index (BMI)
In DKA, what does the liver oxidize free fatty acids into before producing ketone bodies?
Acetyl-CoA
This common type of thyroid cancer is associated with lymphatic spread and past radiation exposure, making up 70% of thyroid cancer cases.
papillary thyroid cancer
This group of antibiotics, often combined with vancomycin and ampicillin, is recommended for empiric treatment of bacterial meningitis.
ceftriaxone
In girls, this physical change typically occurs around age 10 and marks the beginning of puberty.
breast bud development
To the nearest ten, what is the percentage of the U.S. adult population classified as obese, according to recent CDC data? (ex: 10, 20... 100)
40% (41.9)
A patient with Cushing's Syndrome presents with low blood pressure (80/50) post-surgery. What life-threatening condition are they likely experiencing due to low cortisol levels?
acute adrenal insufficiency
If a mass in the neck moves up and down when a patient swallows, it is most likely a mass in this gland.
Thyroid Gland
Reactivation of a latent virus can lead to this condition, particularly involving viruses such as herpes simplex or varicella-zoster.
viral encephalitis
This term describes growth patterns where children either increase or decrease in growth velocity before the age of 2, often considered normal.
"catch-up" or "catch-down" growth
This combination drug, consisting of bupropion and naltrexone, was FDA-approved for weight loss in a study where participants lost 6% more weight than those on a placebo.
bupropion and naltrexone (Contrave®)
Achondroplasia is caused by an overactive version of this receptor, which inhibits bone growth. Inhibiting this receptor is a treatment strategy.
Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor 3 (FGFR3)
In young patients with hypertension and hypokalemia, this condition caused by excess aldosterone production should be considered and confirmed by measuring aldosterone-to-renin ratio.
primary hyperaldosteronism
Prophylactic antibiotics are recommended after close contact with a patient diagnosed with this bacterial CNS infection.
Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcal infection)
This syndrome, associated with short stature, gonadal failure, and neck webbing, affects 1 in 2,000 females.
Turner Syndrome
To the nearest ten, according to the DPP trial, what percentage reduction in the progression to type 2 diabetes can be achieved with a modest 4-7% reduction in body weight? (ex: 10, 20... 90)
58% reduction
Hyperchylomicronemia is caused by the inactivation of this enzyme, which is responsible for breaking down triglycerides in chylomicrons.
lipoprotein lipase (LPL)
This test is considered the most sensitive initial diagnostic tool for evaluating thyroid function and detecting abnormalities in hormone levels.
TSH Test
A cerebrospinal fluid analysis showing a white blood cell count of 200/mm³ with 30% neutrophils is indicative of this type of CNS infection.
bacterial meningitis
The formula for predicting a boy's mid-parental height involves adding the mother's and father's heights in centimeters and then adding this number of inches before dividing by two.
5 inches
This type of gastric surgery, known for rerouting the digestive system to bypass part of the stomach and small intestine, has shown long-term weight loss benefits in studies such as the Swedish Obesity Study (be specific).
Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery
A patient presents with symptoms suspicious of acromegaly. What is the most efficient and economical blood test to check for elevated levels of growth hormone activity?
serum IGF-1
This specific multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) syndrome is characterized by medullary thyroid carcinoma, pheochromocytoma, and parathyroid hyperplasia, often associated with mutations in the RET proto-oncogene.
MEN-2
The conjugate vaccination for Haemophilus influenzae type b provides immunity by targeting this component of Neisseria meningitidis, although serogroup X is not covered by the vaccine.
Capsule
Low levels of IGF-1 and IGFBP-3 are indicative of this deficiency, which is also associated with central obesity and growth failure in children.
growth hormone deficiency (GH deficiency)