HPA
What hormone does the hypothalamus release to stimulate the anterior pituitary to release ACTH?
Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
What is the normal range of TSH?
0.4–4.0 mU/L
What is the most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism?
Conn’s Syndrome (adrenal adenoma)
What hormone is deficient in Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Insulin (due to autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells)
What hormone is overproduced in acromegaly?
Growth hormone (GH)
What is the most common cause of pituitary adenomas?
Benign, sporadic tumors of the anterior pituitary
What is the classic triad of hyperparathyroidism symptoms?
Bones, stones, abdominal groans, and psychic moans"
What electrolyte abnormality is seen in hyperaldosteronism?
Hypokalemia
What is the mechanism of action of Metformin?
Decreases hepatic glucose production
Which test is used to confirm acromegaly?
Oral glucose tolerance test showing GH that fails to suppress
A patient with galactorrhea and amenorrhea is found to have a prolactin level of 250 ng/mL. What is the first-line treatment?
Dopamine agonist (Cabergoline or Bromocriptine)
After a parathyroidectomy, a patient develops muscle spasms and facial twitching. What signs should be checked?
Chvostek’s and Trousseau’s signs (indicating hypocalcemia/hypoparathyroidism)
Which test differentiates primary from secondary hyperaldosteronism?
Aldosterone-to-renin ratio
What are the diagnostic criteria for DKA?
Glucose >250 mg/dL, pH <7.3, positive serum ketones, anion gap metabolic acidosis
A patient with Addison’s disease abruptly stops corticosteroids and presents in shock. What crisis is this?
Addisonian crisis
A patient has low ACTH and low cortisol. What type of adrenal insufficiency is this?
Secondary adrenal insufficiency (pituitary failure)
What antibody is elevated in Graves’ disease and causes hyperthyroidism?
Thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (autoantibody against TSH receptor)
What is the hallmark triad of pheochromocytoma?
Palpitations, headaches, and excessive sweating (“PHE” triad)
What class of diabetes drugs increase urinary glucose excretion?
SGLT2 inhibitors
What genetic mutation is associated with MEN type 1?
MEN1 gene mutation on chromosome 11
Which pituitary disorder presents with polyuria, polydipsia, and a high plasma osmolality (>295 mOsm/kg)?
Diabetes Insipidus
What is the definitive treatment for toxic multinodular goiter?
Radioactive iodine ablation or thyroidectomy
In Addison’s disease, what lab values are typically seen for sodium, potassium, and cortisol?
Hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, and low cortisol
What is the treatment goal sequence in DKA management?
Fluids → Insulin → Electrolyte correction → Treat underlying cause
A patient has hypertension, hypokalemia, and a unilateral adrenal mass. What is the definitive treatment?
Laparoscopic adrenalectomy