DIABETES BASICS
This hormone, produced by the pancreas, lowers blood glucose levels.
➡️ What is insulin?
This condition involves uncontrolled hyperglycemia, ketone production, and metabolic acidosis.
➡️ What is Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)?
Blood glucose levels below this indicate hypoglycemia.
➡️ What is 70 mg/dL?
Gestational diabetes develops because placental hormones cause this effect on insulin.
➡️ What is insulin resistance?
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DI is caused by a deficiency of this hormone.
➡️ What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)?
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In SIADH, there is excessive release of this hormone.
➡️ What is ADH (vasopressin)?
The hallmark symptoms of diabetes include polyuria, polydipsia, and polyphagia.
➡️ What are the “3 Ps” of Diabetes Mellitus?
This condition involves extreme hyperglycemia, severe dehydration, and no ketones.
➡️ What is Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic State (HHS)?
Early symptoms of hypoglycemia include sweating, irritability, tremors, anxiety, and hunger.
➡️ What are early hypoglycemia symptoms?
Insulin does not cross the placenta, but this does.
➡️ What is glucose?
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Central DI is caused by damage to this part of the brain.
➡️ What are the hypothalamus or posterior pituitary gland?
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SIADH leads to this type of sodium imbalance.
➡️ What is hyponatremia?
This test measures long-term blood glucose control over 2–3 months.
➡️ What is Hemoglobin A1C?
A deep, rapid breathing pattern seen in DKA is called this.
➡️ What are Kussmaul respirations?
Late symptoms of hypoglycemia include confusion, seizures, coma, and brain damage.
➡️ What are late hypoglycemia symptoms?
Babies of mothers with gestational diabetes are at risk for this condition after birth.
➡️ What is neonatal hypoglycemia?
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A hallmark sign of DI is urine output greater than this amount per 24 hours.
➡️ What is 4 liters?
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Common symptoms of SIADH include headache, confusion, nausea, and this.
➡️ What is decreased urine output?
Patients should not exercise if their blood glucose level exceeds this value or if ketones are present.
➡️ What is 250 mg/dL?
The initial IV fluid used for both DKA and HHS treatment is this.
➡️ What is normal saline (0.9% NaCl)?
If a patient is alert, the nurse should treat mild hypoglycemia with this.
➡️ What is oral glucose (juice, glucose gel, or food)?
The term for a large baby born to a diabetic mother is this.
➡️ What is macrosomia
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The specific gravity of urine in DI is typically below this value.
➡️ What is 1.005?
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The priority nursing diagnosis for SIADH is this.
➡️ What is risk for injury (related to hyponatremia)?
Type 1 Diabetes is caused by this autoimmune process.
➡️ What is destruction of pancreatic beta cells?
During DKA treatment, this electrolyte must be closely monitored because insulin drives it into cells.
➡️ What is potassium?
For a patient who is unconscious from hypoglycemia, the nurse should administer this IV medication.
➡️ What is 50% dextrose (D50W) or glucagon?
The mother with gestational diabetes is at higher risk for this during pregnancy.
➡️ What are infections (especially UTIs)?
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The priority nursing diagnosis for DI is this.
➡️ What is risk for fluid volume deficit?
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The first-line treatment for SIADH is this.
➡️ What is fluid restriction?
The normal fasting blood glucose range is this.
➡️ What is 70–100 mg/dL?
When blood glucose reaches 250–300 mg/dL in DKA, IV fluids are switched to this solution.
➡️ What is D5½NS (Dextrose 5% in 0.45% NaCl)?
Long-standing Type 1 diabetics may lack typical warning signs due to this condition.
➡️ What is hypoglycemia unawareness?
After birth, the baby may require this to stabilize blood sugar.
➡️ What is a sugar-water bottle or early feeding?
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The medication used to replace ADH in DI is this.
➡️ What is desmopressin (DDAVP)?
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In severe SIADH, this IV solution may be administered cautiously.
➡️ What is hypertonic saline (3%)?
The nurse should rotate insulin injection sites to prevent this complication.
➡️ What is lipodystrophy?
This is the primary cause of DKA in a diabetic patient.
➡️ What is infection or illness?
Before giving treatment for suspected hypoglycemia, nurses must always do this first.
➡️ What is check the patient’s blood glucose level?
This intervention is key to preventing gestational diabetes complications.
➡️ What are diet changes and regular exercise?
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Nurses must monitor this lab value closely in DI due to dehydration.
➡️ What is serum sodium?
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This medication blocks ADH effects and promotes water excretion in chronic SIADH.
➡️ What is demeclocycline?
This type of insulin has no peak and is given once daily.
➡️ What is long-acting insulin (e.g., glargine)?
HHS most often occurs in patients with this type of diabetes.
➡️ What is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
This condition can mimic a stroke in a hypoglycemic patient.
➡️ What is neuroglycopenia (brain glucose deprivation)?
Pregnant women with GDM may need up to this multiple of their normal insulin dose.
➡️ What is three times their usual amount?
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This vital sign change is expected in untreated DI.
➡️ What is hypotension and tachycardia?
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Patients with SIADH should be placed on this type of safety precaution.
➡️ What are seizure precautions?
This class of medications increases insulin secretion in Type 2 DM.
➡️ What are sulfonylureas?
➡️ What are sulfonylureas?
The primary goal in managing DKA and HHS is this.
➡️ What is restoring fluid balance and correcting hyperglycemia?
Hypoglycemia can be caused by skipping meals, overexercising, or this medication error.
➡️ What is taking too much insulin?
Gestational diabetes typically develops during this period of pregnancy.
➡️ What is late pregnancy (second or third trimester)?
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Patients with DI should be taught to monitor this daily.
➡️ What is daily weight?
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To monitor fluid overload, nurses should do this daily.
➡️ What is measure daily weight?
A patient with Type 2 DM who takes metformin should avoid this before diagnostic procedures with contrast.
➡️ What is withholding metformin for 48 hours before and after contrast use?
The acid-base imbalance present in DKA is this.
➡️ What is metabolic acidosis?
After treating hypoglycemia, the nurse must recheck blood glucose after this many minutes.
➡️ What is 15 minutes (the “rule of 15”)?
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Women who develop GDM have an increased lifetime risk for this condition.
➡️ What is Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus?
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The urine osmolality in DI will be low, typically within this range.
➡️ What is 50–200 mOsm/kg?
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The specific gravity of urine in SIADH is typically this—indicating concentrated urine.
➡️ What is increased (>1.030)?