Diabetes
Describe etiology of type 2 diabetes
your cells become resistant to insulin, and your pancreas can't make enough insulin to overcome this resistance
List possible side effects of GLP-1 medications
Monitoring a diabetic patient's feet is vital because diabetes can cause nerve damage (neuropathy) and poor circulation. These conditions reduce the ability to feel pain or heal properly, making minor cuts or blisters highly vulnerable to severe infections, ulcers, and, in extreme cases, limb loss
Describe Hyperosmolar Hyperosmotic Syndrome HHS
Describe what glucagon does
Glucagon is a peptide hormone produced by the pancreas that raises blood glucose levels and prevents them from dropping too low. It works in direct opposition to insulin by signaling the liver to release stored energy and mobilizing the body's fat and protein reserves
Describe the etiology of type 1 diabetes
It is an autoimmune disorder that cannot be cured. The patient will need exogenous insulin for the remainder of their lives.
Name the class of medications that decreases glucose production in the liver
Biguanides (what is the name of one)
the A1C test, the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) test, and the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
Describe how diabetes affects the kidneys
Diabetes damages the kidneys by overworking their tiny filtering blood vessels (glomeruli). Over time, this chronic strain thickens and scars the filters, causing them to leak protein into the urine. If untreated, this destruction leads to kidney failure
Describe acromegaly
Acromegaly is a rare, slowly progressive hormonal disorder in adults caused by excess growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), typically resulting from a noncancerous pituitary tumor
Describe s/s of a pt with DKA
Early signs
Fruity-smelling breath (due to acetone buildup), Rapid, deep breathing (known as Kussmaul breathing), Confusion, dizziness, or trouble staying awake
Describe the differences between rapid acting insulin, NPH, and long-acting insulin.
Can a patient be taking more than one type of insulin?
Rapid acting-Fast-acting (or rapid-acting) insulin is a mealtime medication that begins working in 10 to 15 minutes to control blood sugar spikes after eating. It peaks in 1 to 2 hours and lasts for 3 to 5 hours. Common brands include Humalog, NovoLog, and Lyumjev
NPH-Insulin NPH (Neutral Protamine Hagedorn) is an intermediate-acting human insulin used to control blood sugar levels in adults and children with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. It is typically injected under the skin once or twice daily, working to provide a steady supply of insulin between meals and overnight
Long acting insulin-Long-acting (basal) insulin provides a slow, steady release of insulin to manage blood sugar levels between meals and overnight. Typically injected once or twice a day, it mimics the body's natural baseline insulin to maintain stable glucose control. Lasts roughly 18-24 hours, (some brands last up to around 40ish hours)
State why a provider would order a c-peptide test
C-peptide test measures how much insulin your pancreas is naturally producing. Because the pancreas releases equal amounts of C-peptide and insulin into the bloodstream, this test provides an accurate measure of your body's insulin production, even if you are receiving injected insulin
Describe side effects of Thiazolidinedione (TZD), also known as a glitazone medications.
fluid retention, weight gain, upper respiratory tract infections, and bone fractures.
What is an example of a glitazone?
Describe graves disease
Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder that causes your immune system to mistakenly attack your thyroid gland. This causes the gland to produce too much thyroid hormone, leading to hyperthyroidism. It primarily affects metabolism, but can also cause eye and skin issues
What is RAI treatment?Radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy is a type of nuclear medicine used to treat an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) or certain types of thyroid cancer
List ranges for Hgb A1C
Normal less than 5.7
Prediabetic 5.7-6.4
Diabetic 6.5 and higher
The nurse understands that rapid insulin administration, especially IV insulin, can cause serum depletion of this electrolyte
Potassium
Why is this?
What is the normal potassium level
Numbness and tingling in extremities along with slowed gastric emptying can be signs of this
neuropathy-why is it important to examine these patient's feet/extremities with these issues?
alpha-glucosidase inhibitors are use for _______. Common side effects include:
lowers postprandial (after-meal) blood glucose by reversibly inhibiting membrane-bound intestinal alpha-glucoside hydrolase and pancreatic alpha-amylase enzymes.
Describe Cushing Syndrome
Cushing syndrome is a rare but serious hormonal disorder caused by prolonged exposure to excess levels of the stress hormone cortisol in the body. While it can sometimes be caused by a tumor on the pituitary or adrenal glands, the most common cause is the long-term use of high-dose corticosteroid medications
List normal blood glucose levels
60-110
Why is it important to have blood sugar above 60?
What do gliptin medications, or dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor, medications do to the body?
Gliptins (also known as DPP-4 inhibitors) manage type 2 diabetes by blocking the DPP-4 enzyme, which naturally destroys incretin hormones
What is an example of a gliptin?
The nurse understands that sulfonylureas may also a trigger an allergic reaction if the pt is allergic to _____________.
sulfa
Describe SIADH
SIADH (Syndrome of Inappropriate Antidiuretic Hormone Secretion) is a condition where the body produces too much antidiuretic hormone (ADH). This causes the kidneys to retain excessive water, diluting the blood and leading to dangerously low sodium levels (hyponatremia)
Describe panhypopituitarism
Panhypopituitarism is a rare, life-threatening condition in which the pituitary gland stops producing most or all of its hormones. Known as the "master gland," the pituitary controls vital functions like metabolism, growth, stress response, and reproduction