Thyroid Tumors
This hormone, produced by the thyroid gland, regulates metabolism and growth.
What is thyroxine (T4)?
This is the most common benign tumor of the adrenal cortex, often found incidentally on imaging.
What is an adrenal adenoma?
This is the most common type of pituitary tumor, usually benign and hormone-secreting.
What is a pituitary adenoma?
This type of lung cancer is strongly associated with smoking and often arises centrally in the bronchi.
What is small cell lung carcinoma?
This diagnostic test is the gold standard for evaluating thyroid nodules.
What is fine needle aspiration (FNA)?
This is the most common type of thyroid cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases.
What is papillary carcinoma?
This aggressive malignancy arises from the adrenal cortex and may produce excess cortisol, androgens, or aldosterone.
What is adrenocortical carcinoma?
Excess secretion of growth hormone from a pituitary tumor causes this condition in adults.
What is acromegaly?
This is the most common type of lung cancer overall, frequently found peripherally.
What is adenocarcinoma?
This hormone, produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates sodium and potassium balance.
What is aldosterone?
This thyroid cancer arises from parafollicular C cells and secretes calcitonin.
What is medullary carcinoma?
This adrenal medullary tumor causes episodic hypertension, headaches, sweating, and palpitations.
What is a pheochromocytoma?
A pituitary tumor secreting ACTH can cause this form of Cushing’s syndrome.
What is Cushing’s disease?
This lung cancer subtype is associated with hypercalcemia due to paraneoplastic PTHrP production.
What is squamous cell carcinoma?
This tissue-equivalent material is placed on the skin during radiation therapy to increase the surface dose.
What is a bolus?
This type of thyroid cancer spreads hematogenously to bone and lung.
What is follicular carcinoma?
This chemotherapeutic and adrenolytic drug is used to treat adrenal cortical carcinoma by suppressing hormone production.
What is mitotane?
Compression of the optic chiasm by a pituitary tumor results in this characteristic visual defect.
What is bitemporal hemianopsia?
This staging system is used for both lung and thyroid cancers to classify tumor extent and spread.
What is the TNM staging system?
This beam-shaping device consists of multiple motorized metal leaves that conform radiation beams to a tumor’s shape.
What is a multileaf collimator (MLC)?
This undifferentiated thyroid cancer carries the worst prognosis.
What is anaplastic carcinoma?
This genetic syndrome associated with p53 mutation predisposes patients to adrenal cortical carcinoma.
What is Li-Fraumeni syndrome?
This imaging modality is the gold standard for evaluating pituitary tumors and the sella turcica.
What is MRI?
This treatment combines chemotherapy and radiation and is standard for limited-stage small cell lung cancer.
What is concurrent chemoradiation therapy?
During an IMRT warm-up, this type of error could result in unintended radiation exposure between MLC leaves.
What is radiation leakage?