Miscellaneous
Explain the 3 growth hormone pathologies
Gigantism: hypersecretion before puberty
Acromegaly: hypersecretion AFTER puberty
Dwarfism: hyposecretion before puberty
Alpha versus Beta Cells
Alpha cells: glucagon
Beta cells:
Amylin: inhibits glucagon and tells the body to put the fork down
Insulin: brings glucose and K+ into the cells
low TRH and TSH
high T3/4
primary hyperthyroidism or thyrotoxicosis
high PTH and Ca2+
s/s short ST segment
s/s hypercalcemia
high aldosterone
hypernatremia
hypokalemia
Conn's Syndrome: primary hyperaldosteronism
MC symptoms of a Prolactinoma
galactorrhea
amenorrhea in women
erectile dysfunction in men
Fed versus Fasting State
Fed State: high in glucose, amylin, and insulin
glycolysis and glycogenesis to decrease levels
Fasting State: low in glucose, amylin, and insulin
gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis to increase levels
pathologies with goiters
secondary hyperthyroidism
tertiary hyperthyroidism
primary hypothyroidism
graves disease
S/S of hypercalcemia
bones, stones, groans, thrones, psychiatric overtones
short ST segment
labs of addison's disease
hyponatremia
hyperkalemia
low aldosterone
low cortisol
high MSH
Hot versus Cold Thyroid Nodule
Hot: hyperthyroid
Cold: hypothyroid
autoimmune destruction of beta cells
type 1 DM
s/s exophthalmos and goiter
low TSH and TRH, high TSI and T3/4
graves disease
autoimmune primary hyperthyroidism
cause of primary hypoparathyroidism
parathyroid damage in thyroid surgery
is there skin darkening in cushing disease
yes high MSH
high cortisol
high aldosterone
Cushing Syndrome VERSUS Disease
Syndrome: chronic high cortisol levels by adrenal adenoma
↓ POMC, ACTH, and MSH
Disease: overproduction of ACTH by a pituitary adenoma
↑ POMC, ACTH, and MSH
Early versus Late stage Type 2 DM
Early stage: insulin resistance – high insulin levels
Late stage: islet cell burnout – low insulin levels
hashimoto's thyroiditis
autoimmune hypothyroidism
s/s myxedema
S/S of hypocalcemia
Tetany
Carpopedal spasm
hyperreflexia
chvostek or trousseau sign
long QT interval
cause of cushing syndrome
high cortisol levels from an adrenal adenoma
resulting in no skin darkening
hypersecreting tumor of the adrenal medulla
s/s: episodic diaphoresis and headache
pheochromocytoma
complications of DM
Life-threatening DKA and HHNKS
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic nephropathy
CVA/stroke
Additional labs required to confirm graves disease diagnosis
TSI
increase in PTH secondary to chronic kidney disease and inability to activate vitamin D
secondary hyperparathyroidism
high PTH but hypocalcemia
s/s of hypercortisolism
seen in both cushing disease and syndrome
hyperglycemia
moon face
buffalo hump