Glands
releases glucagon
pancreas
Testosterone
Develops male characteristics and matures sperm
Most common cause of hypothyroidism
Autoimmune Hypothyroidism (Hashimoto Thyroiditis) in the US - Iodine Deficiency outside the US
45-year-old female with routine TSH lab at 7.2 with normal FT4 and FT3
Reassure and follow-up labs
Your patient has an a1c of 6.4. What is your diagnosis?
Prediabetes OR well-controlled diabetes
releases calcitonin
thyroid
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Makes less pee! Causes body to retain urine
I am the boss of the Adrenal Cortex (specifically Zona Fasciculata)
Glucocorticoids (Cortisol or Steroids)
My patient has hypothyroidism
Two options: 1) Start levothyroxine at 25 mcg/day, or 2) Start levothyroxine 1.6 mcg/kg/day
Your patient has an a1c of 12.5. No meds. What to start and dose?
Insulin 0.5 units/kg/day with 50% long-acting and 50% short-acting. Other evidence-based DM treatments as well.
releases growth hormone
anterior pituitary
Parathyroid hormone
Increase blood calcium levels
Postprandial Hypoglycemia NOT associated with which one: 1) Early diabetes, 2) Diuretics, 3) Alcohol intake, 4) Post-gastrectomy syndrome, 5) Beta-blockers
My patient has Adrenal Insufficiency
Corticosteroids + Mineralocorticoids
Counsel your diabetic patient: Name 5 commonly used dietary carbs.
Rice, Bread, Potatoes, Corn, MAN-MADE FOODS/DRINKS (artificially sweetened drinks or processed foods).
stores and releases oxytocin
posterior pituitary
Prolactin
Stimulates milk production
Most specific test for Grave's Disease
Anti-thyrotropin (anti-TSH) receptor antibodies
Acute treatment of Hyperthyroidism
Propranolol and Methimazole started immediately
This diabetic medication class helps heart failure patients.
SGLT-2 inhibitors aka gliflozins or flozins: Canagliflozin, Dapagliflozin, Empagliflozin.
GLP-1RA and SGLT2i classes significantly MACE.
releases melatonin
pineal gland
Mineralocorticoids
Electrolyte (Na and K) balance and regulation
Too much Levothyroxine can cause this!!
Osteoporosis
Grave's Disease-associated exophthalmos
Glucocorticoids
What do the DKA patients need most?
FLUIDS