Endocrine Pathophysiology
What hormone is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas?
What is glucagon?
What diagnostic imaging technique is used to evaluate bone density?
What is DEXA scan?
What are the oral antidiabetic medications with cardioprotective effect?
What are Sodium glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT-2 inhibitors)?
e.g. Empagliflozin, canagliflozin, dapagloflozin
What type of thyroid cancer usually occurs after being exposed to radiation?
What is papillary thyroid cancer?
What is the pharmacological treatment for prolactinomas?
What is dopamine agonist (e.g. Cabergoline)?
What hormone is primarily responsible for the maturation of the ovarian follicles?
What is FSH?
What test is used to diagnose gestational diabetes?
What is oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)?
What antibiotic is an ADH antagonist?
Demeclocycline (a tetracycline)
MEN 2A is usually associated with a triad consisting of pheochromocytomas, medullary thyroid carcinoma and ___________
What is parathyroid hyperplasia?
prolactin >_____ what level should you say warrants evaluation of additional work up besides medication?
What is 100?
Name one hormone secreted from the posterior pituitary gland
What is oxytocin/vasopressin?
(Both answers are correct)
In ACTH-dependent Cushing syndrome, what other diagnostic test would you perform to differentiate between ectopic ACTH secretion or Cushing disease?
What is high-dose dexamethasone suppression test?
What antidiabetic medication subclass is associated with disulfiram-like reaction?
What is first generation sulfonylureas?
e.g. Chlorpropamide, tolbutamide
What endocrine tumor is associated with dermatitis, diabetes, diarrhea, and declining weight?
What is glucagonoma?
What is the primary cause of primary adrenal insufficiency in the United States?
What is autoimmune adrenalitis?
Opioids _______ (increase/decrease) testosterone levels leading to _____________ (pathology)
What is decrease?
What is hypogonadotropic hypogonadism?
What test would you order to differentiate between endogenous and exogenous sources of hyperinsulinemia?
What is c-peptide test?
What antidiabetic subclass is associated with increased risk of respiratory infections?
What is DPP-4 inhibitors?
e.g. Linagliptin, saxagliptin, sitagliptin
What genetic mutation is associated with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia?
What is Kallmann syndrome?
After how many months of unsuccessful attempts at conception should infertility workup be initiated in females >35 years old?
What is 6 months?
(Note: if <35 years old, then after 1 year per MKSAP)
What hormone is responsible for lowering blood calcium levels in your blood, but NOT in your bones?
What is calcitonin?
What imaging study helps differentiate between hyperthyroidism and thyroid cancer?
What is Radioactive iodine uptake (RAIU) scan?
What medication can be used for hyperthyroidism within the second/third trimester of pregnancy?
What is methimazole?
What neuroendocrine tumor usually presents with abdominal distention and a firm, irregular mass that can cross the midline?
hint: it can also present with opsoclonus-myoclonus syndrome
What is neuroblastoma?
What medication can cause a false positive screen for pheochromocytoma by elevating urinary metanephrines?
What is amitriptyline?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are produced in the adrenal _________
What is medulla?
Fine needle aspiration cytology may not help differentiate between follicular adenoma and __________ carcinoma
What is follicular carcinoma?
What thyroid medication has been associated with ANCA positive vasculitis?
What is Propylthiouracil?
What immunoglobulin (Ig) is often associated with Riedel thyroiditis?
What is IgG4?
A size less than _____ cm is characteristic for benign incidentalomas?
What is 4 cm?