Energy
What is energy?
The ability to promote change or do work
What is and enzyme and how does it work?
An enzyme lowers the activation energy by straining chemical bonds and bringing the reaction closer together
What is the overall reaction of cellular respiration and what is the main purpose of cellular respiration?
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 ----> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + ATP
The main purpose is to make ATP
What is the overall reaction of photosynthesis and what organelle does it all happen in?
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy ----> C6H12O6 + 6 O2
It all occurs in the chloroplast
What are the two laws of thermodynamics?
1. energy can not be mad or destroyed but can be transformed.
2. any energy transfer or transformation results in a loss of energy
What are the two forms of energy and give and example?
Kinetic energy: Energy of movement (sunlight, heat, running, wind, electricity)
Potential energy: stored energy due to structure or location (coal, methane, carbs, batteries, electrical gradient)
What is the transition state and how is it impacted by an enzyme?
The transition state is where bonds are broken and new bonds are formed in a reaction. An enzyme stabilizes this state and makes it appear lower in a graph.
In what steps is carbon dioxide released during cellular respiration?
2 are released during the breakdown of pyruvate and 4 are released during the citric acid cycle.
What type of feeders are we focusing on and what to they do?
We are looking at photoautotrophs and they are able to make their own food/ organic out of light energy.
What are the three pigments discussed and what colors do the absorb and what colors do they reflect?
Chlorophyll A and B: reflect green, absorb blue-violet
Carotenoids: reflect yellow orange and red, absorb blue, blue-green
What are the two types of reactions we discussed, what are their delta G, and are the spontaneous or nonspontaneous?
1. exergonic delta G < 0, spontaneous
2. endergonic, delta G > 0, nonspontaneous
How many substrates bind to an enzyme and how many specific reactions does one enzyme do?
Enzymes bind to one specific substrate and complete one reaction.
What is the difference between substrate level and oxidative phosphorylation?
Substrate level: Enzyme catalyzes transfer of a phosphate from a phosphorylated substrate to make ATP (used in glycolysis and citric acid)
Oxidative: H+ moves passively down the electrochemical gradient and caused ATP synthase to spin and make ATP
What is the purpose of a pigment and where are pigments located?
Pigments are used to absorb light and they are found in photosystem 1 and 2
How many cycles of the calvin cycle make G3P and how many make a Glucose?
3 cycles creates a G3P and 6 cycles make a glucose.
What are the two metabolic pathways?
1. Anabolic: synthesis of larger molecules from smaller molecules.
2. Catabolic: the breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules.
What are the 4 steps and enzyme follows?
1. substrate binds to enzyme
2. transition state is stabilized and a conformational change takes place.
3. substrates are converted to products
4. products are released and enzyme is reused
What is the purpose of O2 in cellular respiration?
It is used as a final electron acceptor for all of the electrons that have already done their work in the ETC. They make the final product of H2O
What goes in and out of the calvin cycle and what is the role of the calvin cycle?
CO2, ATP, and NADPH go into the calvin cycle and G3P, ADP and NADP comes out.
the role of the calvin cycle is to take in CO2 bind it to RUBP
What determines the amount energy that light has?
the length of wavelengths. The shorter the wavelength the more energy and the longer the wavelength the less energy. (starts at purple with the most and red with the least)
What are REDOX reactions? describe them
Reduction-oxidation-reaction
Reduction is the gaining of electrons
oxidation is the loss of electrons
What is feedback inhibition?
When the product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an enzyme that acts early in the pathway and prevents overaccumulation of product.
List all of what goes in and what comes out of the 4 steps of cellular respiration.
Glycolysis: glucose---> 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH, 2 ATP
Pyruvate breakdown: 2 pyruvate ---> 2 NADH, 2 Acetyl CoA, 2 CO2
Citric acid cycle: 2 Acetyl CoA---> 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 4 CO2, 2 ATP
ETC: 10 NADH, 2 FADH2 ---> 30-34 ATP (electrochemical gradient)
What process happen in the thylakoid membrane and what complexes make it happen?
light reactions happen in the thylakoid membrane. This action is carried out by Photosystem 2, ETC, Photosystem 1, and ATP synthase.
What step of cellular respiration is absent when there is no oxygen?
Fermentation happens after glycolysis and the other three steps do not follow. (breakdown of pyruvate, citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation)