Introduction to Energy and Metabolism
The ability to do work is called _____.
Energy
The three main parts of an ATP molecule are ribose, adenine, and _____.
Three phosphate groups
The starting molecule of glycolysis is _____.
Glucose
Fatty acids are broken down into acetyl-CoA through the process of _____.
β-oxidation
The molecule that serves as the primary energy currency of the cell is______
ATP
Energy stored in chemical bonds is a form of _____ energy.
potential
When ATP is hydrolyzed into ADP + Pi, about _____ kcal/mol of energy is released in cells.
–14 kcal/mol
Glycolysis produces 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP, and 2 molecules of _____.
NADH
The β-oxidation of fatty acids produces acetyl-CoA plus two reduced electron carriers: _____ and _____.
NADH and FADH₂
In aerobic respiration, the final electron acceptor is _____.
Oxygen
The first law of thermodynamics says energy cannot be created or destroyed, only _____.
Transformed or Converted
The sodium-potassium pump uses ______ to move sodium ions out and potassium ions in.
ATP
The bridge step between glycolysis and the Krebs cycle is the conversion of pyruvate into _____.
Acetyl-CoA
During fasting, the liver converts acetyl-CoA into molecules called _____, which the brain and heart can use for fuel.
Ketone bodies
Fermentation makes only a net of ___ ATP per glucose
2
The measure of disorder or randomness in a system is called _____.
Entropy
Enzymes lower the _____ energy of reactions but do not change the ΔG.
Activation energy
In the electron transport chain, the movement of hydrogen ions creates a _____ gradient that drives ATP synthase.
Proton (H⁺) gradient
Which amino acid can be converted directly into oxaloacetate? _____.
Aspartate (or asparagine)
The process used by yeast to make bread rise and beer ferment is _____.
Alcohol fermentation
Living organisms maintain low internal entropy by increasing the overall entropy in the _____.
Surroundings/environment/universe
When an end product shuts off an earlier step in its metabolic pathway, this regulation is called _____.
Feedback inhibition
The overall ATP yield per glucose in aerobic respiration is approximately _____ ATP.
32–38 ATP
Odd-chain fatty acids produce propionyl-CoA, which is converted into Succinyla-CoA, thus providing one pathway fatty acids can be converted into intermediates that can enter aerobic respiration in the _____ cycle.
Krebs / Citric Acid
A unique anaerobic pathway found only in archaea that releases methane gas is _____.
Methanogenesis