Energy Basics
ATP & Mitochondria
Glycolysis & Krebs
ETC & Anaerobic Respiration
Cell Respiration Overview
100
Are chemical bonds considered kinetic or potential energy?
Potential
100
What molecules form when a bond breaks between the second and third phosphates in ATP?
ADP (adenosine diphosphate) + a free phosphate
100
Which step -- glycolysis or Krebs -- is anaerobic?
Glycolysis
100
Which enzyme powers the generation of ATP in the ETC?
ATP synthase
100
Name the 2 reactants of cellular respiration (chemical formulas and coefficients)
C6H12O6 + 6O2
200
What is the difference between potential and kinetic energy?
Potential = stored, kinetic = motion
200
Which category of cells will not contain any mitochondria and why?
Prokaryotes because mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles
200
During glycolysis, a small amount of energy is used to do what?
Split open glucose (into 2 pyruvates)
200
What is the maximum amount of ATP that can be generated in the ETC?
Up to 34
200
Name the 3 products of cellular respiration (chemical formulas and coefficients)
6CO2 + 6H2O + up to 38 ATP
300
What type of transport uses an input of energy to move molecules from low to high concentration?
Active transport
300
Why is ATP a high-energy molecule?
The three phosphate groups are all strongly negative and repel one another. This makes the molecule unstable and the bonds holding those molecules together very high in energy.
300
How much total ATP has been generated by the end of the Krebs cycle (including both glycolysis + Krebs)?
4 ATP
300
Explain the causes and effects of lactic acid buildup in human muscle cells.
Strenuous exercise = not enough O2 to do aerobic respiration; release lactic acid as waste following glycolysis, which coats the muscles and causes stiffness/cramping
300
Which step of cellular respiration does not occur in the mitochondria? Where does it occur?
Glycolysis - in the cytoplasm
400
Is thermal energy potential or kinetic?
Kinetic
400
Point to the cristae.
Folds on the inner membrane
400
Which carrier molecule is involved in the Krebs cycle but not glycolysis?
FADH2
400
How much total ATP can be made per glucose molecule through anaerobic respiration?
2 ATP (glycolysis only)
400
Which step of cellular respiration releases CO2 as waste?
Krebs cycle
500
Which subatomic particle is involved in the formation of bonds and storage of energy?
Electrons
500
Describe how mitochondria most likely evolved as an organelle within eukaryotic cells.
Mitochondria were once free-living bacteria that were engulfed by cells. Cells and the free-living bacteria shared a mutualistic, symbiotic relationship and continued to divide and replicate together.
500
Which of the reactants of cellular respiration is the source of CO2 released during the Krebs Cycle?
Glucose (pyruvate is acceptable)
500
Beginning with NADH and FADH2 dropping off H+ ions and electrons, summarize the sequence of events that takes place in the ETC.
1. NADH & FADH2 drop off H+/e-
2. e- move through a series of proteins and release energy
3. Energy pumps H+ ions to one side of the membrane
4. H+ repel each other and escape through ATP synthase
5. ATP synthase spins, snapping ADP + a free phosphate together and making ATP
6. Oxygen combines with e- and H+ to remove waste as H2O
500
Explain what makes cellular respiration distinct from just breathing
Breathing = inhale O2, exhale CO2. Cell respiration is primarily about the breakdown of glucose and can occur without any oxygen (anaerobic).