Cell Structures (Organelle ID)
This structure houses the cell’s DNA and directs cellular activities.
What is the nucleus?
This type of cell lacks a nucleus.
What is a prokaryotic cell?
ATP stands for this.
What is adenosine triphosphate?
Justify why fermentation is less efficient than aerobic respiration.
What is it produces less ATP per glucose molecule because the energy remains in end products like ethanol or lactate?
Distinguish autotrophs from heterotrophs based on energy source.
What is autotrophs make food via photosynthesis/chemosynthesis; heterotrophs consume others?
This organelle is responsible for producing ATP in eukaryotic cells.
What is the mitochondrion?
These cells contain membrane-bound organelles.
What are eukaryotic cells?
This is added to ADP to regenerate ATP.
What is Pi (inorganic phosphate)?
Differentiate the two fermentation pathways based on products and organisms.
What is ethanol + CO₂ (yeast/plants) vs. lactate (animal cells)?
Identify the key structural difference between plant and animal cells.
What is presence of cell wall, chloroplasts, and large central vacuole in plant cells?
Found in plant cells, this organelle is where photosynthesis occurs.
What is the chloroplast?
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells both have this external structure.
What is the cell membrane?
Compare the efficiency and energy output of respiration in mitochondria vs. fermentation.
What is mitochondria yield ~36 ATP, fermentation ~2 ATP per glucose?
Compare the total net ATP yield from glycolysis, Krebs cycle, and ETC.
What is glycolysis: 2 ATP, Krebs: 2 ATP, ETC: ~32 ATP (total ≈36-38)?
Explain why prokaryotes are restricted in size compared to eukaryotes.
What is lack of compartmentalisation and lower SA:V efficiency as size increases?
This is the "post office" of the cell, modifying and packaging proteins.
What is the Golgi body?
In eukaryotes, chromosomes are located here.
What is the nucleus?
Interpret the photosynthesis equation and name two limiting factors.
What are light intensity and CO₂ concentration (also temp)?
Contrast the DNA organisation in prokaryotes vs. eukaryotes.
What is prokaryotes: circular DNA in nucleoid, no histones; eukaryotes: linear DNA wrapped around histones in nucleus?
Evaluate why eukaryotic cells evolved membrane-bound organelles.
What is to increase efficiency of biochemical reactions by compartmentalising processes?
This network of proteins gives the cell shape and helps move organelles.
What is the cytoskeleton?
Compare size: which cell type is generally larger and more complex?
What is a eukaryotic cell?
Describe the ATP cycle and its importance in metabolism.
ATP is broken down into ADP + Pi to release energy, then regenerated using energy from respiration.
In what situations would cells undergo anaerobic respiration?
When oxygen is limited, such as during intense exercise or in anaerobic environments.
Compare the input/output of matter and energy in autotrophs vs heterotrophs.
Autotrophs input light, CO₂, and H₂O; output glucose and O₂. Heterotrophs input glucose and O₂; output CO₂, H₂O, and ATP.