Enzymes
enzymes are specific to the reactants they bind to based on ___
shape
energy can never be ____ or ____
created or destroyed
step 1 of both cellular respiration and fermentation
glycolysis
green pigment in plants that absorbs light energy
chlorophyl
term that means "without oxygen"
anaerobic
the molecule an enzyme acts upon
substrate
molecule that powers almost all forms of cellular work
ATP
Name the 3 products of glycolysis.
2 pyruvate
2 ATP
2 NADH
where the light reactions occur in the chloroplast
thylakoids
List the 3 reactants of photosynthesis.
light
CO2
water
the region of the enzyme the reactants bond to
active site
what happens when energy changes form
entropy- some energy is lost as heat
Pyruvate molecules must be converted into _________ molecules before they can enter the citric acid cycle.
Acetyl CoA
term that refers to turning inorganic carbon dioxide into organic sugar
carbon fixation
where glycolysis occurs
cytoplasm
List 2 things that can cause an enzyme to denature.
pH
temperature
genetic mutation
inhibitor
term used to describe the use of energy from an exergonic reaction to power an endergonic reaction
energy coupling
term that refers to cells using transport proteins to build a hydrogen ion gradient in order to generate the energy needed to build ATP
chemiosmosis
List the 3 products of the light reactions.
oxygen
ATP
NADPH
enzyme used during the Calvin cycle
rubisco
how enzymes speed up chemical reactions
lower the activation energy needed
List 2 facts about endergonic reactions.
build chemical bonds
store potential energy
products have more energy than reactants
require the input of energy
type of phosphorylation that generates ATP during glycolysis and the citric acid cycle
substrate-level
how C4 plants are adapted to dehydration
use the enzyme pep carboxylase in Calvin cycle
Name the 2 products of oxidative phosphorylation
large amounts of ATP (28)
water