Problems and Challenges
Hiroshima and Nagasaki were recipients of these.
Nuclear weapons
List 2 problems with the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
It privileges those that already have nuclear weapons
It fails to ensure that nuclear weapon states commit to ending the nuclear arms race
The articles are broadly defined
There is an absence of an arms control regime
The lack of confidence building measures
This is the targeting of civilians on the basis of their ethnic or religious identity
Ethnic conflict
Provide 1 advantage of Private Security Companies
Cost effective and efficient
Enables states to pay for missions they would otherwise lack the capabilities to undertake
They are more expendable than national soldiers
This is the "natural weapon of the strategically weaker side in a conflict"
It uses the element of surprise
It relies on mass support to succeed
Guerrilla Warfare
A court that conducted the trial of Slobodan Milosevic
International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia
These include: poison gases, incapacitants, and anti-plant agents
Chemical weapons
Ethnic conflicts derive from uncontrollably ancient inscribed mass hatreds and little can be done to stop them
Ethnic Hatred Explanation
This convention does not have verification procedures
Biological Weapons Convention
The credibility of deterrence enabled the U.S. and the Soviet Union to prefer settlement rather than escalating to war
A Realist Explanation of Non-Proliferation
This court handles war crimes, crimes against humanity, crimes of aggression, and genocide
It received no support from the U.S., historically, however the war in Ukraine could potentially change this
International Criminal Court
U.S. reputation was damaged due to the use of nuclear weapons in WWII and their continued use was not in line with the US being a leading power in the post World War II international order
A Constructivist explanation of non-proliferation
List 2 flaws of the Ethnic Hatred Explanation
Empirically, such claims are often blind to longer histories of co-habitation, multiculturalism, and intermarriage between ethnic groups
These conflicts are not natural but need to be manufactured by protagonists who excel in the politics of fear and scapegoating as a means of capturing economic and political power
At one level these wars can be understood as conflicts between groups making mutually exclusive claims to identity, more fundamentally they represent an attack on inclusive multicultural and cosmopolitan ideals of political community
Provide 2 disadvantages of technological advances in war
Enemies adopt tactics to limit the West's advantages
The West transfers as much of the risks of war as possible on the enemy, which brings up concerns of war being unbalanced
Encourages a more positive view of war
May undermine diplomatic attempts
This is a method that creates and exploits a climate of fear among a wider target group, usually to serve political ends.
Terrorism
Nuclear weapon states creating even more powerful and accurate nuclear weapons and delivery systems
Vertical Proliferation
These include viruses, bacteria, and rickettsiae
Biological weapons
List 2 advantages of technological advances in war
Fight wars swiftly
Deploy limited number of soldiers
Fight wars from a distance
List 1 disadvantage of the Private Security Companies
Using PSCs may enable states to undertake riskier missions or may make it easier to justify the continuation of ongoing operations.
Lowers the threshold for resorting to force, while it also enables governments to obfuscate responsibility when missions go awry.
Can undermine the morale and cohesion of national forces.
More states acquiring nuclear weapons
Horizontal Proliferation
List 3 objectives of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
Stop other states from getting nuclear weapons
Limiting NWS from increasing their nuclear weapon capabilities
Allow the International Atomic Energy Agency to have access to civilian nuclear programs of non-nuclear weapon states
Acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a national, ethnical, racial or religious group
Genocide
These groups privatize fighting
Private Security Companies
It was adopted by the UN in 1948
Pushed majorly by the efforts of Polish lawyer Raphael Lemkin
Genocide Convention
List two acts that constitute genocide
Killing members of the group
Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group
Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part
Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group
Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group