Mechanical System
The largest, most essential part of the engine housing cylinders where combustion takes place
Cylinder Bloc
Hollow metallic knocking when the engine is cold.
Caused by excess clearance between piston and cylinder walls.
Piston Slap
Combustion takes place inside the engine
Internal Combustion Engine
Socket sets, wrenches and screwdrivers are examples of this kind of tool
Hand tools
Stores and delivers fuel to the combustion chamber
Fuel system
The liner inside the cylinder that houses the pistons. Deglazed to help with proper lubrication.
Cylinder Sleeve
Sharp double knock at idle or light load.
Caused by loose piston pin.
Localized to one cylinder.
Piston Pin Knock
Most common type of internal combustion engine on cars.
4-stroke
Torque wrench, impact wrench and air ratchets are examples of this kind of tool
Torque tools
Air intake system
A rotating shaft with specially shaped lobes attached.
Pushes lobes against lifters, rocker arms or directly on valves, causing them to open at the right time.
Driven by the crankshaft by a timing belt
Camshaft.
High Pitched pinging or rattling under load.
Caused by air-fuel mixture igniting early.
Related to compression ratio
Detonation
AKA the Wankel Engine, this engine uses a triangular rotor instead of pistons.
Rotary Engine.
Stethoscopes, multimeters and telescoping mirrors are examples of what kind of tool?
Diagnostic tools
Sparks the air-fuel mixture to start combustion
Ignition system
Circular metal rings fitted into grooves of the outer surface of pistons.
Prevent combustion gases from leaking past the piston into the crank case.
Regulates oil consumption and transfers heat.
Piston Rings
Loud metallic knock, harsher than detonation.
Fuel ignited before the spark due to hot spots.
Preignition.
In this cycle, the sparkplug ignites the compressed air-fuel mixture.
The valves are closed.
Explosion forces the piston down and produces power
Combustion or Power Stroke.
Micrometers and Vernier Calipers are types of this tool
Measuring tools
Reduces friction and wear between moving parts
Lubrication system
Long, heavy shaft located at the bottom of the engine block.
Connects to Pistons by connecting rods.
Main journals, rod journals, counter weights, flywheel, oil passages.
Crankshaft.
Light clinking or rattling
Caused by broken or worn piston rings
Often accompanied by loss of compression.
Ring noise.
In this cycle the piston moves upwards, the exhaust valve opens and the burned gases are expelled from the cylinder into the exhaust system.
Exhaust stroke.
Feeler gauges, compression testers and flashlights are considered this kind of tool
Specialty tools.
Expels combustion gases safely
Exhaust system