FORMAL
This feature of formal syntax involves shifting a verb or adjective into a noun phrase (e.g., changing “we analyzed the text” to “the analysis of the text”), which increases abstraction and impersonality.
nominalisation
This morphological process involves shortening a longer word without changing its meaning or lexical class (e.g., shortening “refrigerator” to “fridge”).
Shortening
name an australian slang
e.g
"arvo" = afternoon
"barbie" = barbeque
when an individual alternates between two distinct language varieties or sociolects within a single conversation depending on the audience and context.
Code-switching
Name a class vocal stim
nina, just vote
This lexical category includes mild, vague, or indirect words used to replace harsh, blunt, or unpleasant terms, frequently utilized in public language to obfuscate reality or maintain social harmony.
Euphemism
This vocabulary type consists of highly informal, rapidly changing words and phrases typical of spoken interaction, primarily used by peer groups to index an in-group identity.
Slang
down-to-earth image australian value
egalitarian
This specific form of prestige is attached to non-standard, low-status language varieties (like regional slang or ethnolects), driving speakers to conform to peer-group language to signal loyalty and belonging.
Covert prestige
what is ms john's fear/phobia
moths lol
When a speaker or text employs syntactic structures where the agent performing the action is omitted (e.g., “mistakes were made”), they are utilizing this specific voice structure.
passive voice
This syntax feature involves dropping mandatory grammatical words (like pronouns or auxiliary verbs) in casual contexts because they are easily inferred by the hearer (e.g., saying “See you tomorrow” instead of “I will see you tomorrow”).
Ellipsis
This variety of the Australian accent continuum sits between Broad and Cultivated, is spoken by the majority of the population, and is frequently used by public figures to project an authentic, mainstream persona.
General Australian English
How do media, institutions and education systems shape attitudes to language and identity?
By promoting standard norms, reinforcing prestige varieties and shaping public perceptions of legitimacy.
who gets made fun of for their immigration background the most?
Yu meng
This term describes highly specialized, technical vocabulary unique to a professional domain (e.g., law or medicine) that functions to establish expertise and authority while potentially excluding outsiders.
Jargon
This structural feature occurs when a speaker breaks off a sentence mid-construction to repair their syntax or switch thoughts, which is a hallmark of spontaneous, unplanned spoken discourse.
False start
This colloquial structural feature involves shortening a word and adding a suffix like -o or -ie (e.g., smoko, tradie), reflecting the core Australian value of egalitarianism.
Hypocoristic suffixation
How do age, gender, class and ethnicity influence identity construction through language?
They shape accent, vocabulary, discourse strategies and stance used to align with social groups.
who is away the most in in class? (highest absence rate)
tim (?)
This term describes highly specialized, technical vocabulary unique to a professional domain (e.g., law or medicine) that functions to establish expertise and authority while potentially excluding outsiders.
Coherence and cohesion
Informal conversations frequently use discourse particles like “yeah-no” or “like” to manage turn-taking, express hedging, or structure information, fulfilling this specific overarching interactive meta-function.
Maintaining positive face needs (or facilitating phatic communication)
This distinct variety utilizes a unique lexicon (including semantic extensions of words like “country”), specific kinship structures, and pragmatically powerful markers like “eh” to index Indigenous identity.
Aboriginal Australian English
This term describes a distinct language variety spoken by a specific ethnic minority group, which combines elements of the dominant language with lexical items and phonological features transferred from their heritage language.
Ethnolect
what wad the word kevin miss pronounced
laptop -> raptop