Morphology & Syntax
What are the three types of affixes?
prefix; infix; suffix
What era do we associate with Shakespeare?
Early Modern English
How does a Pidgin become a Creole?
As speakers pass their Pidgin onto another generation, it becomes a Creole
What is this sound? t͡ʃ
CH - Chirpy; Champ
What does P.I.E stand for?
Proto Indo European
What suffixes are no longer in use?
-eth; -est; -un; -an
What sound is the "thorne"?
/th/ sound
What is a referent for "cosi" in Victoria?
Bathers
What is this sound? ŋ
NG - loNG; siNG; aloNG
What is a reflexive pronoun and provide an example
A pronoun that refers back to the self eg: myself; yourself; themselves
explain the difference between an interrogative and a declarative sentence
interrogative sentences ask questions, whereas declarative sentences state information
Caxton is associated with what?
the printing press
consonant clusters
The word "knight" originally meant "boy." It has undergone semantic...
shift
Explain Braj Kachru's three circles and provide an example of each
Inner: Those who speak English as a first language; such as Australia; US; Canada; England
Outer: Those who speak English as a result of colonisation and therefore use it as an additional language eg: Singapore; India; Hong Kong
Expanding: Those who use English as their international language - they use it as a foreign language. eg: Japan, China, Thailand
"He wanted to go to the shops, although he was told he had to wait for his mother." What sentence structure is this and why?
Complex sentence as it joins one independent clause with a dependent clause by a subordinating conjunction (although)
What type of language do we have now - synthetic or analytic?
analytic
Explain one difference in syntax between those who speak a pidgin/creole and those who speak SAE
narrowing
Explain two of the uses of "like" as a discourse particle
- can introduce speech/thought
- can be used for emphasis
- can be used as a hedge
"unfortunate" contains several morphemes. Identify the number and the type (free/bound)
3 morphemes
un - bound
fortune = free
ate - bound
What phonemes were introduced with the Norse?
Hard /G/ sound and /SK/ sound
rural areas have not been impacted as heavily as urban areas by colonisation - the pressure to speak English is not as great.
Explain semantic deterioration and semantic elevation
deterioration means that a word's meaning has declined over time, while elevation means that a word's definition has improved (become more favourable) eg: nice.
According to an Indigenous clan, an example of a direction might be "to enter the plane backwards from the south." What does this tell us about this clan's sense of identity and worldview?
It is an example of linguistic relativism.
It shows that they are very connected to their land, rather than the objects placed on the land.
It acknowledges that the land has more significance than they do (as they are not the centre of their instructions, the land is).