Enlightenment
Where would enlightened thinkers usually gather to exchange ideas?
Salons
Cesare Beccaria
"On Crime and Punishments"
believed capital punishment was inhumane
Rousseau
"Social Contract"
"Man is born free, yet everywhere he is in chains"
Thought society would thrive in a government completely run by the will of man "general will"
Johanes Kepler
Discovered eliptical or oval orbits proving that we are closer or further from the sun at certain points
Proved Copernicus and Galileo right with math
(church had thought orbits were perfectly circular)
Baruch Spinoza
"Ethica"
Controversial writer
equates god with nature, too closely
God is man made entity
What did the Enlightenment do to the French Government and the Catholic Church?
Denis Diderot created a large set of books with articles contributed by leading scholars of Europe (Encyclopedia). Angered them and caused them to censor it and claim it was against the church.
"Principia Matemática"
discovered gravity and natural laws
"every object in the universe affects every other object through gravity"
Adam Smith
"Wealth of Nations"
believed government should allow free trade
3 natural laws of economics
- law of self-interest
- law of competition
- law of supply and demand
Francis Bacon
Science is practical purpose
Father of Empericism- using data to create general theory of increase knowledge
created scientific method
Wanted people to stop studying old and start studying new
Significance of Hayden, Mozart, and Beethoven
wrote classical music and were the three greatest figures during the classical period of music
Locke
added to the social contract
"Gabula Rasa" man is blank until molded by experiences
"Two Treatises on Government"
"If the government ceases to protect rights, it is his duty to be overthrown"
Thomas Hobbs
"The Leviathan" argues for a social contract and an absolute monarchy
Believed man was born naturally bad and the only way to protect each others right was via an iron fist ruler
Rene Descartes
"Discourse on Method and Meditations"
Father of Rationalism
"I think therefore I am"
"doubt everything except that which can be reasoned"
analytical geometry
Who did Catherine the Great exchange letters with and what did he say? What two things did she believe in, but never change?
Voltaire; "crush the infamous thing (the church)"
allowing religious toleration and abolishing torture/capital punishment
Voltaire
CHAMPION OF INDIVIDUAL RIGHTS
put in Bastille for challenge the king and French system via writing
"Candide" and "Encyclopedia"
"crush the infamous thing (the church)"
"I do not agree with a word you say, but I will defend to death your right to say it"
Deism; god is a great clock maker
Copernicus
Polish astronomer
"On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres"
Theory on Heliocentrism- sun is at the center
(everyone believed in geocentric where earth was at the middle)
Cartesian Dualism
"Descartes Dualism"
Belief that God is not a deciever
God is perfect and cannot lie and human reason can be used to understand
body=material body
mind and body are separate
Catherine the Great
Maria Thersa and Joseph II
Fredrick the Great
- her army crushed the rebellion and gave nobles absolute power over serfs
- abolished serfdom and made it so peasants got paid for work (supported) and supported freedom of worship
- made it clear that his goal was to strengthen and save his country; thought serfdom was wrong but didn't change anything but lessened censorship and granted religious freedom
Montesquieu
"On the Spirit of Laws"
Checks and balances
Separation of Powers which was borrowed by America
Galileo
discovered that everything falls at the same rate
"Starry Messenger"
Confirmed the Heliocentric universe and motion
mathematician and arrested for heresy
turned telescope at the sky
Denis Diderot
"Encyclopedia"
Moral improvements = progress for society