Enlightenment Ideas
Most Enlightenment believed that only _______ had natural rights and deserved freedom and justice
Free, white, fairly wealthy men
The French Revolution
What was the execution method used more commonly during the French Revolution?
Beheading by guillotine
Which French monarch was beheaded by guillotine as a result of the French Revolution?
Louis XVI
What was Napoleon's main goal as a military leader?
To conquer and unite all of Europe
What do you call a ruler with complete authority over the government and the lives of the people?
An absolute monarch
Who wrote about humanity's Natural Rights to life, liberty, and property?
John Locke
What was the name of the class of people in France which included everyone except for the nobility and clergymen?
The Third Estate
Why did King Louis XVI get beheaded?
He was found to be trying to stop the revolution with the help of other European royals and he had failed the people too many times with his awful leadership
What were the sets of laws created by Napoleon called?
The Napoleonic Code
Who was a female author and activist who believed that women were born with natural rights and needed a good education?
Mary Wollstonecraft
What type of government did Rousseau like best?
Direct democracy
What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen?
A document that guaranteed freedom, equality, and natural rights for French citizens.
Who took control of France following the beheading of the last monarch?
Robespierre
How did Napoleon improve education and government in France?
He created lycées (high schools), promoted officials based on skill.
What was the main idea to come out of the Enlightenment? It inspired many other countries to overthrow their monarchies
Self-government or democracy
Which philosopher believed humans are inherently evil and would be violent and cruel in the State of Nature?
Thomas Hobbes
What was the slogan of the French Revolution?
“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity.”
Why did the Revolution become more radical over time?
Internal conflicts, foreign wars, and fear of counterrevolution led to extremism.
What was the purpose of the Congress of Vienna?
Redraw the map of Europe that maintains a balance of power between its powers.
What were Montesquieu’s ideas about government?
He believed in separation of powers among branches of government to prevent tyranny.
Which Enlightenment thinker wrote the Wealth of Nations and stressed the importance of supply and demand, and laissez-faire theory?
Adam Smith
What were the main causes of the French Revolution?
Social inequality (Three Estates), economic crisis, heavy taxes on the Third Estate, absolute monarchy, and inspiration from Enlightenment and the American Revolution.
What was the Reign of Terror?
A period when Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety executed thousands of people seen as “enemies of the revolution.”
What important battle was Napoleon defeated in?
The Battle of Waterloo