Enlightenment History
When did the English Revolution take place?
1642-1689
When and where did the Enlightenment begin to take place?
18th century France
Who were the most privileged classes under the Ancien Régime?
Nobility and clergy
Which Enlightenment thinker critiqued tradition and religion and advocated for kings to be limited by Parliament?
Voltaire
What is the concept that Enlightenment thinkers believed was necessary to understand the world, achieve happiness, and dispell the darkness of the traditional beliefs and superstitions?
Reason
What was the name of the trade system between Europe, Africa, and America that contributed to the rise of commerical capitalism?
Triangular Trade/El comercio triangular/The Transatlantic Trade
What is the name for the political/economic class that saw themselves as the producers of wealth and demanded political influence, ultimately playing a large role in the French Revolution?
Bourgeoisie or Bourgeois Class
What was the name of the economic policy that was imposed by the Ancien Régime and that based the wealth of a country on the wealth of its tradable goods/minerals?
Mercantilism
Which enlightenment thinker proposed the idea of a social contract, believed that power resides in the citizens, and that rulers should follow the general will of the people?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
What is the name of the political system under which all power was given to the king and the king's power was seen as a divine right from God?
Absolute monarchy
What is the name of the manufacturing system where employers commissioned peasants to do manufacturing work in their own home, providing them with both a salary and the materials and tools needed for the project?
Putting-out system
What new forms of media arose during the 18th century which contributed to the spread of Enlightenment ideas?
Magazines and newspapers
What is the name given to peasants and urban groups who worked, paid taxes, and had no privileges under the Ancien Régime?
Third Estate
Which enlightenment thinker advocated for the division of powers?
Montesquieu
What system of governance, which gave sovereignty to the people rather than a king and pushed for a more representative system of governance, was advocated for by Enlightenment thinkers?
Political Liberalism
1) Improvements on nutrition
2) Absence of major epidemics
3) Decline in wars
4) More attention to personal hygeine
Which work composed of 28 volumes was a collection of Enlightenment ideas as well as technical knowledge?
The Encyclopédie
What was the name of the powerful political dynasty that ruled over many European states and their colonies in the 16th and 17th century?
The House of Austria (or the House of Hamburg)
Which enlightenment thinker critiqued the divine right of rule by the monarchy?
Diderot
What is the economic concept proposed during the enlightenment that argued that individual work was the true source of wealth and that states should not intervene in the economy and should let market forces of supply and demand regulate the economy?
Economic liberalism
What were the two main crops that spread from America that contributed to agricultural advancement in Europe during the 18th century?
Maize and potatoes
What was the term given to monarchs who embraced some ideas of the Enlightenment and began to carry out reforms based on these ideas?
Enlightened despots
What agricultural technique was used during the Ancien Régime in which the same crop was grown for two or three years in a row, resulting low agricultural production?
Biennial or Triennial rotation
What was the name of the enlightenment thinker who proposed economic liberalism and the concept of the "Invisible Hand?"
Adam Smith
What is John Locke's name for the agreement that citizens and governments implicitly make where citizens give up some liberties in exchange for protection?
Social Contract