Name that Enlightenment Thinker!
The administrative powers (executive, the legislative, and the judicial) should be separate from and dependent upon each other so that the influence of any one power would not be able to exceed that of the other two, to counterbalance corruption
Montesquieu
Identification with one's own nation and support for its interests, especially to the exclusion or detriment of the interests of other nations.
Advocacy of or support for the political independence of a particular nation or people.
Nationalism
Name three enlightenment documents written during revolutions
American Declaration of Independence
the French “Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen”
Bolívar’s “Letter from Jamaica”
The first revolution to use enlightenment ideas: Inspired the others
The American Revolution
Led Reign of Terror from 1793-1794 with the Committee of Public Safety, which took over by force
Tens of thousands deemed enemies of the revolution lost their lives on the guillotine under him
Maximilien Robespierre
In a natural state all people were equal and independent, and everyone had a natural right to defend his “Life, health, Liberty, or Possessions"
John Lock
Knowledge comes from the sensed experience … or what you see and feel.
Empiricism
In 1789, representatives of the Third Estate formed their own special group called the National Assembly, claiming the sole authority to make laws for the country, and wrote this:
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Name each member of the French Estates
1: the clergy
2: the nobility
3: the commoners
Led the Enslaved people of Haiti, liberated Hati, but eventually recaptured by the French / Napoleon in his attempt to subjugate the Haitians
Toussaint L’Ouverture
The Social Contract, which outlines the basis for a legitimate political order: The people vote for their leaders, who in turn respect and protect the rights of the people.
Rousseau
The belief that God created the world, but plays no actual role in our lives / history
Diesm
Why did Revolutions in Latin America happen later in history and take longer than the American Revolution
settlers in Spanish colonies had no tradition of self-government such as that in North America
Revolutions lasted twice as long because Latin American societies were so divided by class, race, and religion.
Describe The Tennis Court Oath
Third Estate locks themselves in the palace tennis court and vows "not to separate and to reassemble wherever necessary until the Constitution of the kingdom is established."
The oath was a revolutionary act and an assertion that political authority derived from the people and their representatives rather than from the monarchy and God.
Big deal: First time this happened in France
Paraphrased from the Declaration of Independence
lead Haitian revolt following the capture of L’Ouverture.
Because France could not re-supply their troops and suffered fever in their camps, Haiti wins the war in November 1803.
Jean-Jacques Dessalines
women are not naturally inferior to men, but appear to be only because they lack education.
Mary Wollstonecraft
The right to vote in public political elections
Suffrage
Name at least three things the Congress of Vienna did after the Napoleonic Wars
Legitimacy: Restore monarchies back to Europe, protect Monarchy
Compensation: Territorial rewards given to states that helped fight Napoleon, France reduced to the pre-revolution wars.
Balance of Power: Weaken France by strengthening the nations around France, but make sure no ONE country is strong enough to upset the order (lasts until WWI, 100 years later)
Concert / Congress system: Meetings held occasionally by the great powers to defend the status quo = anti Enlightenment and pro Monarchy.
First Violence of the French Revolution
Storming the Bastille
Born a Creole, after considerable military success in Latin America fighting the Spanish, his forces achieved the formation of a large area that he called Gran Colombia, free of Spanish rule. Would eventually split into Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru
Simon Bolivar
The Church must be separate from the government: Governments should be secular
Voltare
The ending of slavery
Abolition
Give three examples of how Napoleon lived up to the ideals of the Revolution
a Code of Civil Law called the Code Napoléon
Public offices gained by merrit, rather than family connection
Creates publicly funded public schools … boys only
Codes of criminal and commercial law: Individual rights, freedom of belief, and equality before the law were all included in the codes.
Describe the different social classes of Haiti (Saint Dominique)
grand blancs (rich white landowners) wanted greater autonomy for the colony and fewer economic restrictions
petits blancs (poorer white workers) sought equality of citizenship for all whites
Gens de Couleur Libre (free black poeple who wanted freedom for all
Enslaved Africans (wanted freedom)
Actively participated in fighting alongside Bolívar, for example, in 1822 in a battle near Quito, Ecuador. An excellent rider as well as courageous fighter, she rose to the rank of colonel.
Manuela Sáenz