Enlightenment Philosophy
This philosopher argued that without a strong ruler, life in the “state of nature” would be “solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”
Thomas Hobbes
Unlike salons, these gathering places were generally more male-dominated and focused on discussion of politics, trade, and news.
Coffeehouses
This famous document officially separated the colonies from Britain
Declaration of Independence
This unequal social system divided French society into clergy, nobility, and commoners before the Revolution.
The Three Estates System
Saint-Domingue was valuable to France due to its plantations with this crop.
Sugar
This Enlightenment thinker believed governments are formed primarily to protect citizens’ natural rights, not simply maintain order.
John Locke
In colonial North America, these establishments often spread political ideas among common people and helped build revolutionary sentiment.
Taverns
The colonies were upset because Britain taxed them without this.
Representation
Members of this group declared themselves the National Assembly in 1789.
The Third Estate
This formerly enslaved leader guided the Haitian Revolution in its early stages.
Toussaint Louverture
This political principle proposed by Montesquieu directly influenced the structure of the United States government.
Separation of Powers
The rise of these helped ordinary people gain access to Enlightenment writings and political debates.
Literacy Rates
This British policy of limited enforcement allowed the American colonies to develop traditions of self-government before independence.
Salutary Neglect
This aspect of the Napoleon Code enabled France to cultivate loyal citizens and strong military & government officials
Lycees/Public schools
This Haitian revolutionary declared independence by defeating France with his "scorched earth" tactics.
Jean-Jacques Dessalines
Locke argued that when governments violate citizens’ natural rights, the people gain this political power.
The right to rebel/overthrow the government
This invention enabled Enlightenment ideas to circulate more rapidly across Europe than ever before.
Seven Year's War/French-Indian War
During the early stages of the revolution, this public demonstration forced King Louis XVI to sign the Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen
Women's March on Versailles
Name one enlightenment concept that inspired revolution in present-day Haiti
Liberty/Equality
Life, liberty, security and protection from oppression
By increasing access to books, pamphlets, and newspapers, the spread of literacy helped ordinary people participate more actively in this type of discussion about government and society.
Political debates/Public discussions of ideas
One major debate among historians is whether the American Revolution truly expanded liberty, since this large group remained excluded from political equality afterward.
Enslaved people
This radical political group led during the Reign of Terror.
Jacobins
Compared to the American Revolution, the Haitian Revolution was more radical because it abolished both colonial rule and this institution.
Slavery