Enlightenment Thinkers
Which female Enlightenment thinker is known for her advocacy of women's rights and education, particularly in her work 'A Vindication of the Rights of Woman'?
Mary Wollstonecraft
The French term for an intellectual or philosopher during the Enlightenment.
Philosophe
This is the term for a form of absolute monarchy where rulers incorporated Enlightenment ideals like religious tolerance and administrative reform.
Enlightened Absolutism
A significant feature of this type of monarchy is the concentration of power and authority in the person of the ruler.
Absolute Monarchy
This methodical procedure of observation, hypothesis, and experimentation, developed in the 17th century, is central to modern science.
Scientific Method
Which Enlightenment philosopher advocated for the separation of powers in government to prevent tyranny?
Montesquieu
This core belief of the Enlightenment is that opinions and actions should be based on knowledge and logic rather than emotion or faith.
Rationalism
This Russian monarch (II) corresponded with Voltaire and incorporated Enlightenment principles while strengthening the Russian tsarist monarchy and expanding territory.
Catherine the Great
Enlightenment ideals encouraged rulers to implement policies such as religious toleration, economic development, and this type of reform focused on the state's operations.
administrative reform
This English physicist and mathematician developed the laws of motion and universal gravitation.
Isaac Newton
Which Enlightenment thinker is known for his work 'The Social Contract' and the idea that government is a contract between the rulers and the ruled?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
This work, edited by Diderot, contributed to the secularization of knowledge by compiling information on technology, science, and the arts.
Encyclopédie
This Prussian ruler (II) promoted education and the arts and applied a rational approach to land management.
Frederick the Great
This thinker's idea that sovereignty derives from the general will of the people heavily influenced political developments in the Americas.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Intellectual predecessors like Greek rationalism and Renaissance humanism are considered important antecedents to this new philosophical study of the physical universe.
Natural Philosophy
This Scottish economist advocated for laissez-faire economics, arguing that the market is guided by an Invisible Hand without excessive government interference.
Adam Smith
This term describes an agreement among members of a society to cooperate for social benefits, giving up some individual freedom for the greater good.
Social Contract
This Holy Roman Emperor implemented some of the most radical reforms, including universal elementary education
Joseph II
The Scientific Revolution transformed European society by developing this fundamental method and introducing discoveries like Newton's laws of motion and universal gravitation.
Scientific Method
The core idea that all knowledge must be derived from experience and observation is known by this term.
Empiricism
This Enlightenment figure's argument against torture and cruel punishment, as detailed in On Crimes and Punishments, led directly to the concept that punishments must be certain, swift, and fit the crime.
Cesare Beccaria
This was a gathering of Enlightenment Thinkers, where they shared their philosphies, ideas, and collaborated with others to push their ideas.
Salon
This Russian Tsar (I) is considered a key figure in strengthening the Russian state, expanding territory, and modernizing society prior to the height of Enlightened Absolutism.
Peter the Great
This is a fundamental Enlightenment principle suggesting that humanity is capable of endless improvement and can be molded by education and experience.
human perfectibility
Conflict over the heliocentric model (sun-centered) involving Galileo highlights the tension between new scientific discoveries and the authority of this institution.
religious belief (or the Catholic Church)