H1 Antihistamines
Why are first generation H1 antagonists more sedative?
What is they are more likely to cross the blood-brain barrier?
What types of cough are antitussives recommended for?
What is a dry, non-productive, or acute cough?
Which type of drug is pseudoephedrine classified as?
What is a mixed-acting sympathomimetic?
What embryonic structure gives rise to the cochlear duct?
What is the otic vesicle?
Which cranial nerve carries sensory information for hearing and balance from the inner ear to the brainstem?
What is the vestibulocochlear nerve (CN VIII)?
What is the main mechanism of action of diphenhydramine?
What is competitive antagonism of H1 histamine receptors?
What is the mechanism of action of guaifenesin?
What is thinning respiratory secretions to facilitate mucus clearance?
Mupirocin is primarily effective against which types of bacteria?
What is staph and strep?
The tympanic cavity and auditory tube both arise from which pharyngeal structure?
What is the first pharyngeal pouch?
In normal hearing, which conduction pathway is more efficient due to amplification by the ossicular system?
What is air conduction?
Which common clinical uses are shared by both first and second-generation H1 blockers?
What are allergic rhinitis and urticaria?
What muscle is responsible for adducting the vocal cords during phonation?
What is the lateral cricoarytenoid muscle?
Which medication targets Candida in the oropharyngeal mucosa?
What is nystatin and clotrimazole?
Which cranial nerve innervates the stapedius muscle derived from the second pharyngeal arch?
What is the facial nerve (CN VII)?
Which ossicle directly contacts the oval window to deliver vibrations from the tympanic membrane to the cochlea?
What is the stapes?
Why are second-generation antihistamines less likely to cross the blood-brain barrier?
What is they are less lipid-soluble than the first-generation drugs and are substrates of the P-glycoprotein transporter in the blood-brain barrier
What effects do antitussives lack compared to other opioids?
What is they lack significant analgesic and sedative effects and addiction liability?
Besides oxymetazoline, which medication can cause rebound nasal congestion?
What is phenylephrine?
Paralysis of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx due to recurrent laryngeal nerve injury involves derivatives of which pharyngeal arch?
What is the sixth pharyngeal arch?
Activation of the stapedius muscle in response to loud noise is part of a protective reflex that reduces sound conduction. What is this reflex called?
What is the attenuation reflex?
Where are most second-generation antihistamines metabolized, and why does this matter in drug interactions?
What is the liver via the cytochrome P450 system, which increases potential for interactions with other CYP-metabolized drugs?
Which centrally acting opioid antitussive is controlled due to risk of dependence and respiratory depression?
What is codeine?
How does adding clauvulanic acid to amoxicillin extend its activity?
What is it extends the activity of amoxicillin to include β-lactamase-producing strains?
In conductive hearing loss due to otosclerosis, which ossicle is most commonly affected?
What is the stapes?
As sound waves travel through the cochlea, high-frequency sounds are detected at which specific part of the basilar membrane?
What is the base of the cochlea?