Show:
Lectures 1 and 2
Lecture 3
Lectures 4 and 5
Lecture 6
Lecture 7
100
What are the three domains of life?
Bacteria, Archaea and Eukarya
100
What are the chemical properties of water that support life?
Cohesion (hydrogen bonds) Moderation of temperature (high specific heat) Solvent for polar compounds
100
What are the determinants of protein structure?
1. Sequence of amino acids 2. Cell environment such at T, pH and salts 3. Folding aids
100
Compare and contrast the KM values of competitive vs noncompetitive inhibition.
Competitive inhibition At very high [S], S “out-competes” the inhibitor; Vmax is the same Vmax is same. KM is greater. Noncompetitive Very high [S] does not change the effect of the inhibitor. Vmax is lower.
100
Which molecules have the lowest level of permeability?
Ions
200
What are the two conditions necessary for natural selection to occur?
1) individuals in the population differ from one another for some heritable trait(s); and 2) individuals with certain heritable traits survive and/or reproduce better than individuals with other traits.
200
Proteins are composed of _________. Each ______ has a ______ group and a ________ group.
Amino acids; amino acid has a carboxyl group and an amino group.
200
What are chaperones? What do they help prevent?
Helps with one of the biggest problems for partially unfolded or unfolded proteins - premature or inappropriate association of hydrophobic regions Creates a sheltered environment to allow incorrectly or incompletely folded protein to adopt specific configuration.
200
What are fatty acids?
Hydrocarbon chains with terminal carboxyl groups
200
Which types of membrane transport are saturable?
Facilitated diffusion and active transport.
300
What are the four components of cell theory?
1. Cells are the structural unit of life 2. Cells are the functional unit of life 3. All cells are fundamentally similar 4. All cells come from pre-existing cells.
300
Proteins fold into the conformation of _____ __________.
Lowest energy
300
Compare and contrast exergonic vs endergonic reactions.
Exergonic – reactants have more energy than products; spontaneous; energy is released; ∆G < 0 Endergonic – reactants have less energy than products; non-spontaneous; energy is required (consumed); ∆G > 0
300
What is a fat? How is it synthesized? What type of linkages does it possess?
Glycerol linked by ester linkages to three fatty acids Synthesized by a condensation/dehydration reaction
300
What are the three ways in which molecules can be transported across the membrane? (Not types of transport but directionality)
1) Uniport 2) Symport 3) Antiport
400
What is a fact? Hypothesis? Theory? Law?
National Academy of Sciences Definitions: Fact: an observation that has been repeatedly confirmed. Hypothesis: a testable statement about the natural world that can be used to build more complex inferences and explanations. A proposed explanation Law: a descriptive generalization about how some aspect of the natural world behaves under stated circumstances. e.g., Mendel’s Law of Independent Assortment (does not explain why this happens, it is just a description). Laws of motion, gravity, thermodynamics Theory: an overarching explanation of some aspect of the natural world that is well-substantiated and that can incorporate facts, laws, inferences, and tested hypotheses. Most of what is taught in this class is based on hypotheses that have been extensively tested and are generally accepted.
400
The two main secondary structures of proteins are ______ ______ and __________.
Alpha Helix and Beta Sheet.
400
What are the characteristics of a catalyst?
does not change amount of energy released does not change equilibrium constant, Keq does lower the energy of activation, EA does increase the rate of the reaction is not itself changed by the reaction
400
The greater the number of unsaturated fatty acids, the greater the _______ and ___________.
Permeability and fluidity.
400
How are two carbohydrate monomers joined?
Glycosidic bond
500
What are the four types of bonds? Describe the properties of each.
1. Covalent - atoms share electrons. Two types: polar and nonpolar. 2. Ionic - involves electron transfer, an anion and cation, and ionic compounds are salts 3. Hydrogen bonds 4. Van Der Waals - Transient Hotspots of positive and negative charge WITH nonpolar covalent bonds.
500
What are the four levels of protein structure? Describe each of them.
Primary - linear sequence of amino acids Secondary - interactions between atoms in the backbone linked by hydrogen bonds Hydrogen bonds form between carbonyl oxygen of one amino acid and hydrogen on amino group of another amino acid Tertiary - overall 3D shape of a polypeptide Held together by interactions between atoms in R groups hydrophobic van der Waals hydrogen bonds ionic bonds disulfide bridges
500
What are the two things upon which reaction rate is dependent?
Rate of the reaction depends on kinetic energy of the reactants and activation energy.
500
What is the role of cholesterol in the lipid bilayer?
It is an amphipathic compound that stabilizes membranes by interacting with fatty acid tails of phospholipids