The phase of interphase where the genome is duplicated.
What is S phase?
100
Define the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment.
Law of segregation: Two alleles (one from mother, one from father) separate during gamete formation
Law of independent assortment: Alleles separate independently of each other
100
Define Respiration
The conversion of energy stored in the chemical bonds of nutrients to chemical energy stored as ATP.
100
Define Polymer.
A long molecule consisting of linked repeating units.
100
What is the resolving power of an electron microscope?
0.1 nm
200
Identify the steps of mitosis where:
a) nuclear envelope disappears
b) nuclear envelope reforms
a) Prometaphase
b) Cytokinesis
200
Summarize Mendel's pea experiment and the significance.
Mendel chose "either-or" traits and crossed true-breeding varieties. His findings provided a mechanism for inheritance of traits.
200
Paraphrase/Describe the processes: photosynthesis and aerobic respiration.
Photosynthesis uses CO2, H2O, light, and ATP to produce O2 and glucose
Aerobic respiration requires Glucose and O2 and produces ATP, CO2 and H2O
200
Paraphrase the evidence provided by Griffith and Hershey and Chase’s experiments that supports the idea that DNA is the carrier of genetic information.
Griffith: Experiment with bacteria and mice showed that there was something heritable being passed from the S cells to the R cells, a process now known as transformation.
Hershey and Chase: Radioactive labeling showed that DNA was being passed from the offspring but the protein was not.
200
Describe the process of using a scanning electron microscope.
1. Specimen is coated with a film of gold
2. Electron beam passes over the surface
3. Excited electrons on the surface used to produce image
4. Result: detailed, 3-d image of a specimen
300
Humans have 46 chromosomes. After meiosis:
a) How many daughter cells are produced?
b) How many chromosomes are in each daughter cell?
a) 4 daughter cells
b) 23 chromosomes
300
Contrast genotype and phenotype.
Genotype is the genetic makeup - the alleles present.
Phenotype is the observable characteristic.
300
3 molecules of glucose undergo glycolysis. Calculate the total number of ATP produced and the net yield.
Total ATP = 12
Net ATP = 6
There is an “investment” of 2 ATP for every molecule of glucose.
300
Calculate the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in 3H.
Protons = 1, neutrons = 2, electrons = 1
300
An unknown object is smaller than all bacteria. Will it be visible under a light microscope?
No – the smallest bacteria require the use of an electron microscope, therefore this unknown object will also require the use of an electron microscope.
400
Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis in terms of ploidy number and daughter cells.
Examine the law of independent assortment. Where might it fall short to explain inheritance?
The law of independent assortment assumes that alleles always segregate independently. However, some traits are linked and thus would not follow the law of independent assortment
400
Contrast the role of O2 in cellular respiration and photosynthesis.
In cellular respiration, O2 is highly important and functions as the final electron acceptor. In photosynthesis, O2 is a byproduct of the reaction.
400
A glass of water has a concave meniscus (lower in the middle, higher at the edges). Compare this finding to your understanding of cohesion and adhesion.
Cohesion – The ability of water molecules to “stick” to each other by hydrogen bonds
Adhesion – The ability of water molecules to stick to other kinds of molecules.
In the case of a glass of water, the water molecules have a greater attraction for the side of the glass (adhesion) than for each other (cohesion).
400
Compare and contrast smooth ER and rough ER in terms of structure and what they produce.
Smooth ER:
- no bound ribosomes
- produces: lipids, phospholipids, cholesterols, steroid hormones
Rough ER:
- Ribosomes bound to membrane
- plays large role in protein synthesis (secretory and glycoproteins)
500
Contrast Anaphase and Anaphase I.
Anaphase:
- Occurs during mitosis
- one sister chromatid moves to each pole
Anaphase I:
- occurs during meiosis I
- a pair of sister chromatids begins to move toward each pole
500
Contrast the uses for the sum rule and the product rule.
The sum rule is used for mutually exclusive events (probability of something or something else occurring).
The product rule is used for two events occurring at the same time (probability of something and something else occurring at the same time).
500
Compare and contrast oxidative phosphorylation and photophosphorylation.
Both use an electron transport chain to create a chemiosmotic gradient that is used to produce ATP.
Photophosphorylation requires light and also produces NADPH, necessary for the calvin cycle.
Oxidative phosphorylation requires O2 as the final electron acceptor and produces H2O as a byproduct.
500
Compare and contrast DNA and RNA. At least 3 points of difference.
DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid
- double stranded
- A, T, C, G
- Contains deoxyribose
RNA – ribonucleic acid
- single stranded
- A, U, C, G
- Contains ribose
500
Contrast prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells. State 2 essential differences.
Eukaryotic cell has a nucleus and membrane bound organelles.
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and do not have compartmental organelles.