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Lung Volumes
5 rules and other stuff
Harmonics and formants
Stuff
Other Stuff
100
The amount of air that remains in the lungs after a maximum expiration has occur ed.
What is Residual Volume?
100
Will /i/ have a high or low F1? F2? What rules apply to this?
F1 will be low because of the oral constriction rule for F1 remember the longer the tube the lower the frequency. F2 will be high because of the front-tongue constriction rule. F2 has to do with speed. When the sound has further to travel it has more time to gain speed. The higher the speed the higher the frequency.
100
What is the perodicity or speech? Is it related to harmonics or formats?
The vocal folds are responsible for perodicity of speech and are related to harmonics. Harmonics are multiples of the fundamental frequency (how many times a second our focal fold vibrate) that decrease in amplitude as the harmonic increased.
100
Which Formant is most important for glides /w/ and /j/? Does it cause the adjacent vowel to move upward or downward?
F2 is the most important for glides For /w/ there is a low F2 during constriction causing the adjacent vowel's F2 to move upward. For /j/ there is a high F2 during constriction causing the adjacent vowel's F2 to move downward.
100
This is not a question....explanation of partial vs. total assimilation.
"[Assimilation] may be partial or total. In the phrase ten bikes, for example, the normal form in colloquial speech would be /tem baiks/, not /ten baiks/, which would sound somewhat 'careful.' In this case, the assimilation has been partial: the /n/ sound has fallen under the influence of the following /b/, and has adopted its bilabiality, becoming /m/. It has not, however, adopted its plosiveness. The phrase /teb baiks/ would be likely only if one had a severe cold! The assimilation is total in ten mice /tem mais/, where the /n/ sound is now identical with the /m/ which influenced it."
200
Amount of air between the average inspiratory level and the maximum inspiratory peak.
What is Inspiratory Reserve Volume. (Max inspiration- average inspiration)
200
Will F1 and F2 for /o/ be higher or lower than F1 and F2 for /a/? Why?
Both formats for /o/ will be lower because of the lip-rounding rule which lowers all frequencies.
200
What is responsible for the formats of speech? What characteristics are they based on?
The tube (or our articulators) effect the formats and change the sounds. Based on: Place Manner Voicing
200
Which Formant is most important for liquids? Does it cause the adjacent vowel to move upward or downward?
F3 is most important for liquids. For /l/ F3 will have a slight downward shift (changes are still evident in F2) For /r/ F3 will have a upward shift.
200
What do you need to know before you can use assimilation (shortcuts) in speech?
The language you are speaking
300
The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during a normal respiratory cycle.
What is tidal volume. (Average inspiration-average expiration)
300
Will /ae/ have a higher or lower F1 than /I/? F2? Why
It will have a higher F1 because of the pharyngeal constriction rule having to do with the length of the tube. A lower F2 because of the back-tongue constriction rule affecting F2 which has to do with speed.
300
What type of spectorgram is best for looking at harmonics? Formants?
Wide band is best for Harmonics Narrow band is best for formants.
300
Are nasal low or high frequency sounds? What account for this? What will be seen on a spectrogram of a nasal sound?
They are the lowest frequency sounds because they have longer to travel. A murmur or attenuation of sound will be seen on the spectrogram.
300
If somewhat rounds their lips while pronouncing the word "look" what would you describe this as?
Coarticulation : two articulators are moving at the same time
400
Air volume from the average expiratory level to the valley obtains at the maximum expiration.
What is expiratory reserve volume. (average expiration-max expiration)
400
After inhaling the the volume in the lungs is _______ and the pressure is ________ according to Boyle's law.
High volume. Low pressure.
400
Vowels with more extreme tongue movements.
What are tense vowels?
400
What is VOT? How long is it for voiced and unvoiced sounds? Where would you see it on a spectrogram? What sounds have a VOT?
Voice onset time is the silent gap between a plosive and adjacent sound. In voiced plosives it is typically 10 Msec and in unvoiced it is typically around 60 Msec. Plosives and affricates (have two one after the plosive and one after the fricative)
400
The amount of air volume that can be exhaled after a maximum inspiration.
What is Vital capacity? TV+IRV+ERV
500
Percentage of air in the lungs at the end of a quiet respiratory cycle compared to the vital capacity for an individual.
What is Resting Expiratory Level (Expiratory Reserve/ Vital Capacity) * 100 Typically want 25% to 40%
500
What is the Bernoulli effect and how does it apply to Myoelastic-aerodynamic theory?
The Bernoulli effect states that velocity and pressure of a gas or liquid are inversely related. The Bernoulli effect is related to the aerodynamic forces that interact with vocal fold muscular forces to create phonation. Thus, the faster the air flows through the glottis, the farther apart the molecules, so the less force they will exert against the vocal folds to push them open.
500
What is the difference between a vowels and diphthong?
Diphthongs are two vowels produced in tandem (one after the other)
500
Why does the F1 of unvoiced plosive not have a tail?
Because the vocal fold are not vibrating.
500
What sound do not have formants?
Plosives, affricates, fricatives