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Local Anesthetics I
Nerve Physiology I
Complications
Ultrasound (US) Physics
Local Anesthetics II
100
Dose, rate of absorption, biotransformation and elimination
What effects plasma concentration of local anesthetics?
100
Bundles of axons are enclosed by this sheath which acts as a semi permeable barrier to local anesthetics
What is the perineurium?
100
Tinnitus, seizures, arrhythmias, and cardiac arrest
What are manifestations of local anesthetic toxicity?
100
This acts as a generator and receiver of US wave energy through the properties of its piezoelectric crystals
What is the transducer
100
This term describes enhanced blocking potency during rapid stimulation
What is use dependent blockade?
200
7.4
What is the pKa of most local anesthetics?
200
These fibers comprise the myelinated somatic nerves
What are A fibers?
200
High spinal, Horner’s Syndrome, phrenic nerve paralysis, inadequate analgesia
What are complications of local anesthetic spread?
200
US energy passes through tissue, is reflected, returns to the transducer, gets converted to electrical energy, is analyzed and transformed into this
What is a digital image?
200
Larger weight scaled doses, shorter block duration, decreased levels of alpha-1 acid glycoprotein and decreased clearance
What are considerations for dosing local anesthetics in children?
300
2-3%...
What is the quantity of local anesthetic that enters the nerve after injection?
300
These fibers comprise the preganglionic autonomic axons that control vascular smooth muscle…
What are B fibers?
300
Infection, hematoma, cellulitis, venous air embolism
What are complications of local anesthetic injection?
300
Velocity of transmission is dependent on this, which is determined by tissue density and its interfaces
What is acoustic impedance?
300
The clearance of this class of local anesthetics is not affected by age
What are esters?
400
30 minutes
What is the time that it takes 90% of injected local anesthetic dose to be taken up into the circulation?
400
These thinnest fibers are nonmyelinated and serve pain and temperature transmission and postganglionic autonomic functions
What are C fibers?
400
Peripheral nerve injury, pneumothorax, intravascular injection, intraosseous injection, rectal/visceral perforation.
What are complications of needle placement?
400
Of the following, Air, bone and water, this has the highest average conduction velocity
What is bone?
400
3-8 months
What is the age at which clearance of amides reaches mature levels?
500
Inhibition of sodium current
How do local anesthetics block neuronal transmission?
500
These thinnest of the A fibers transmit pain and temperature sensations
What are A-delta fibers?
500
Kinking, fracture, dislodgement, infection and occlusion
What are complications of catheters?
500
The term for greater reflectivity, or a brighter picture
What is echogenicity?
500
Lipid solubility
What is the primary determinant of local anesthetic potency?