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Endosymbiotic Theory
Mitosis & Meiosis
Temp/Replication
Protists
Misc
100
The definition of endosymbiosis.
What is when an organism of one species lives inside an organism of another species
100
The ploidy at the beginning of mitosis versus at the end. Also compare the ploidy at the beginning and end of meiosis.
mitosis (start: diploid; end: diploid OR start: haploid; end: haploid ); meiosis (start: diploid; end: haploid)
100
A small, unicellular organism has a larger/smaller SA:V to obtain nutrients compared to a larger, unicellular eukaryote such as a protist.
What is larger SA:V
100
Definition of a protist.
What is a eukaryote that is 1) NOT a plant, 2) NOT a fungus, 3) NOT an animal
100
The first organism to use sexual reproduction and what domain it is in (Eukarya, Archaea, Bacteria)
What is protists; eukaryotes
200
The endosymbiotic theory might help us understand how these two things came to exist in some bacteria AND some eukarya.
What is cellular respiration (mitochondria); photosynthesis (chloroplasts)?
200
The ploidy before and after fertilization. This means that _____ must have occurred first.
haploid to diploid; meiosis must have occurred first to make haploid cells (gametes)
200
Type of organisms that can survive in colder temperatures and type of organisms that can survive in hotter temperatures
Pyschrophiles (cold); thermophiles (hot)
200
Type(s) of reproduction in protists (remember: they are single OR multiple-celled eukarya).
asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction (e.g. Plasmodium)
200
Hypotheses that may explain the benefit sexual reproduction (name and explain each).
What is changing environment hypothesis – new, better-adapted combinations of chromosomes; natural selection would select for individuals with these combinations; Purifying selection – sexual reproduction (through meiosis) removes “bad” genes
300
Why endosymbiosis might be advantageous for a bacterium and a host cell.
What is bacterium is supplied food from host in form of reduced carbon compounds; host cell is supplied with high ATP yield from bacteria
300
The number of cells made in meiosis and how they compare to the parent and each other.
What is four daughter cells which are different from both the parent and from each other
300
The type of reproduction used in prokaryotes versus in unicellular eukaryotes and how (think of the process).
What is prokaryotes: asexual reproduction, by DNA replication and binary fission; unicellular eukaryotes: asexual reproduction by mitosis because ONE division makes a new organism
300
Two things (photosynthetic) protists contribute that make them ecologically important.
generate oxygen and organic carbon (food) to be used by other organisms.
300
Differentiate self-fertilization and cross-fertilization. State which one introduces more variability.
What is self-fertilization – mixing DNA within the SAME individual (independent assortment and crossing over still occur!); cross-fertilization – outcrossing (mixing DNA) with a different individual; introduces more variability.
400
Three components of evidence that may support the endosymbiotic theory.
What is mitochondria 1) has a double membrane, 2) contains DNA, 3) mitochondria undergo binary fission
400
The number of cells made in mitosis and how they compare to the parent and each other.
What is two daughter cells which are IDENTICAL to the parent and each other
400
A thermophile will have these type of fatty acids in their membrane because they will help keep the membrane stable.
What are saturated fatty acids.
400
Type(s) of reproduction in the malarial parasite and the location(s).
What asexual reproduction in the human; sexual reproduction of plasmodium in the mosquito
400
The definition of sister chromatid. Also state if they separate in mitosis or meiosis.
What is two EXACT copies of the same chromosome; NOTE: in meiosis, they are no longer identical if crossing over has occurred; mitosis: DO separate; meiosis: DO separate
500
How membranes around organelles may help in eukaryotes
What compensation for relatively low SA:V
500
The ways variability can be introduced in sexual reproduction. Differentiate the ways.
What is crossing over: exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes; independent assortment: alignment of chromosomes independent of other homologous pair
500
The type of replication(s) used in multicellular eukaryotes and when.
What is mitosis, which is used IN asexual reproduction: multiple mitotic divisions make a NEW organism, e.g. sponge (remember to differentiate replication of reproduction!); mitosis, for growth or replacement of cells
500
Explain why two types of reproduction in the malarial parasite might be beneficial.
What is sexual reproduction cannot be performed when the parasite is living in the human because we lack optimal conditions. However, asexual reproduction can still be done in the human to make large numbers to increase the likelihood it will be taken in the next mosquito. Humans have immune systems that are constantly evolving to attempt to kill the parasite, so plasmodium still having sexual reproduction (in mosquito) can introduce variation to successfully live in the host.
500
The definition of homologous pair. Also states if homologous pairs separate in mitosis or meiosis
What is two copies of the same chromosome, one maternal and on paternal; have different alleles; mitosis: do NOT separate; meiosis: DO separate