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Describe that bacteria
Pharmacokinetics
Adverse Effects
MOA/Structure
Resistance
100
Staphylococcus spp.
What are gram positive, facultative anaerobes
100
The half-life for beta lactams is in this time range
What is 1-4 hours
100
What part of the kidney is primarily affected from aminoglycoside administration
What is -nephrotoxicity: primarily tubular NOTE: some glomerular
100
Aminoglycosides are not effective against anaerobes because they get into cells by this method
What is active transport (O2 required)
100
MRSA is thought to have originated from __(A)___ (name the species) while MRSP is thought to have originated from ___(B)___
What is (A) humans (B) dogs and cats
200
Enterococcus spp.
What are gram positive, facultative anaerobes
200
while most time dependent drugs require T> MIC 75% of the time, this class of beta lactams only requires T >MIC 25% of the time...
What are carbapenems (this leads to rapid bacterial killing)
200
This is the most common side effect of beta lactam antibiotics
What is diarrhea (disruption of intestinal microflora) - since mammalian cells lack a cell wall, these drugs are very safe to use.
200
Off the beta lactam ring (4 membered), Penicillins have a ____ membered ring while cephalosporins have a ___ membered ring
What is 5, 7 -cephalosporins are more stable than penicillins
200
This aminoglycoside is the least vulnerable to resistance and is a good choice for MDR isolates
What is Amikacin. - Target sites of destruction are harder for the infective agent to reach
300
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
What is gram positive, anaerobic
300
This class of drugs is the first empirical choice for staph infections
What are Cephalosporins - not labile to staphylococcal penicillinase
300
This is the most nephrotoxic drug of the aminoglycosides
What is neomycin
300
this generation of cephalosporins is the least stabile against beta lactamase
What is the first generation
300
The presence of this gene is seen in MRSA and MRSP isolates
What is mecA gene - carried on staphylococcal chromosomal cassette (SCC) - causes change in penicillin binding protein --> resistance to beta lactams
400
Klebsiella
What is gram negative, facultative anaerobe
400
This class of drugs can be used to cover atypical mycobacteria
What are aminoglycosides
400
to help avoid adverse effects of aminoglycosides, it is best to maintain a Cmax/MIC > _______ and Cmin/MIC < ______
What is > 10ug/mL and < 2ug/mL
400
Administering EDTA with aminoglycosides could be considered to reduce the amount of this mineral in the bacterial cell membrane
What is calcium - calcium in the cell membrane repels aminoglycosides so EDTA can have an agonistic effect on drug efficacy
400
up to 40% of S. Aureus organisms are resistant to this drug
What is Gentamicin - note: gentamicin can be a substrate for the enzyme phosphotransferases, which is more likely to be associated with high level resistance
500
Serratia
What is gram negative, facultative anaerobe
500
Aminoglycosides are: (A) weak acids, water soluble, non polar molecules (B) weak bases, water soluble, polar molecules (C) strong bases, water insoluble, polar molecules (D) strong acids, water insoluble, polar molecules
What is (B): weak bases, water soluble, polar molecules -great for gram negative bacteria (travel through LPS and bind to 30S ribosome) -poorly absorbed from GI tract -work poorly in acidic environments (ex. urine)
500
This can happen when aminoglycosides are administered topically and there is rapid diffusion from body cavities
What is neuromuscular blockade
500
Choose the correct answer choice: This class of beta lactams primarily targets PBP3 (A), while (B) primarily targets PBP1 1. A: carbapenems B: Natural penicillins 2. A: semisynthetic penicillins B: monobactams 3. A: monobactams B: carbapenems 4. A: extended spectrum penicillins B: carbapenems
What is #3 Monobactams primarily target PBP3 and carbapenems primarily target PBP1
500
Testing for MRSA is based on resistance to this drug
What is oxacillin