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Diglossia
Language Shift and Language Maintenance
Language Decline, Death and Resurrection
Language Conflict and Nationalism
English as a Global Language
100
A high language is used in the professional fields and the low variety language is used with family, friends and neighborhoods.
What is Individual bilingualism and diglossia?
100
A decrease of a spoken language.
What is language shift?
100
A change in social networks, relationships between people, and patterns in language use in communities.
What are social changes?
100
A monolingual and centralized bureaucracy may believe that multilingualism creates chaos, with resulting affects on law and order, economy and efficiency
What is social control?
100
The majority of the population are monolingual English speakers. These are sometime called the ______.
What is "inner circle counties"?
200
A group of people that live in an area and speak two different languages. The majority language is viewed as high-status.
What is diglossia without bilingualism?
200
This generation of speakers discontinued the use of the native language entirely.
What is a three generation shift?
200
Have been related to the growth of a few powerful majority language such as English, Spanish, Arabic, Mandarin and Hindi/Urdu
What is language shift and the Erosion of minority languages?
200
A consciousness of belonging to an imagined separate people, located in a defined territory, bond by a belief in a common culture in history, with common institutions and desiring to achieve or maintain political autonomy.
What is Nationalism?
200
Access to English means access to valued forms of knowledge and access to affluent and prestigious social and vocational positions.
What is prestige of English?
300
This group of people speak two languages and are free to speak either language in any situation.
What is bilingualism without diglossia?
300
Levels such as the political, economic, the psychological and the social linguistic level.
What are the causes of language shift?
300
The speakers were spoken to in Manx Gaelic by their fluent second language parents from birth.
What is "new native speakers"?
300
When languages enter conflicts between groups, language tends to become a marker of the conflict, rather than the real source of the conflict.
What is a symbol?
300
People on all continents are willing to learn the English language, not for Anglo-American enculturation, but as an international language that facilitates trade and commerce, and international and multinational communication.
What is Universal Utilitarian Language?
400
An example is where a linguistically diverse society has been forcibly changed to a monolingual society.
What is neither bilingualism nor diglossia?
400
Mother-tongue institutions (e.g. schools, community organizations, mass media, leisure activities).
What is a cultural factor encouraging language maintenance?
400
An Example is when Puerto Ricans resisted to language change and the use of English.
What is language Activists?
400
has been seen as an obstacle to nationalism by both majority and minority language groups
What is bilingualism?
400
Dominance by the U.S. and other English speaking countries, a means of reproducing structural, cultural, educational and economic inequalities, maintaining capitalist economic advantages and control, oppressing weak minority languages and their peoples.
What is linguistic imperialism?
500
This principle gives full rights to minority language speakers and fewer rights to the speakers of a majority language.
What is asymmetrical principle?
500
A need to have secure roots within a smaller and more domestic community
What is counter- balancing?
500
When a language is better understood within the familiar social realm of speakers and not by communities. An example was given in the chapter about Irish speakers.
What is social networks?
500
May have a positive on bilingualism
What is supra-nationalism?
500
Implies using English increasingly for economic purposes, and English as owning rich linguistic capital. Bilingualism also is becoming a commodity.
What is Globalization?