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Prenatal Development and Birth
Physical Development in Infancy
Cognitive Development in Infancy
Socioemotional Development in Infancy
Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
100
Prenatal development can be divided into three periods. Which of the following is in the correct order from conception to birth? a. Fertile; embryonic; postterm b. Preterm; germinal; postterm c. Gestational; germinal; postnatal d. Germinal; embryonic; fetal
D-Germinal; embryonic; fetal
100
Infants control the muscles of their trunk and arms before they control their hands and fingers, and they use their whole hands before they can control several fingers. This indicates a _____ pattern of growth. a. proximodistal b. cephalocaudal c. proximocaudal d. cephalodistal
A-proximodistal
100
According to Piaget, physical activities such as sucking, grasping, and walking are examples of: a. mental schemes. b. mental adaptations. c. behavioral adaptations. d. behavioral schemes.
D-Behavioral Schemes
100
When Josh was dropped off at preschool on the very first day of class, he was quite upset. He cried for a long time and would not play with the other children. According to psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas, what type of temperament does Josh have? a. Slow-to-warm-up b. Easy c. Difficult d. Inflexible
C-Difficult
100
Which of the following statements about brain development and early childhood is true? a. The development that occurs inside the brain ends at the onset of adolescence. b. By the time a child is 3 years of age, the brain is 25 percent of its adult size. c. By age 6, the brain has reached about 95 percent of its adult size d. The brain of a 5-year-old is 60 percent the size of an adult brain.
C
200
A pediatrician is testing baby Rosaria. The doctor assesses Rosaria’s neurological development, reflexes, and reactions to people and objects. Rosaria’s pediatrician is using the: a. Apgar Scale. b. infant IQ test. c. Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale. d. WISC.
C-Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
200
When babies engage in physical activity or use language, some synaptic connections will be strengthened, while the unused ones are replaced by other pathways or disappear. A neuroscientist would identify this process as “_____.” a. pruning b. myelination c. paring d. trimming
A-pruning
200
The sensorimotor stage of development lasts from birth until about: a. six months of age. b. eight months of age. c. one year of age. d. two years of age.
D-Two years of age
200
What is the significant finding of Harlow’s experiments on monkeys reared by surrogate mothers? a. Contact comfort is not the crucial element in the attachment process. b. Feeding is the crucial element in the attachment process. c. Contact comfort is the crucial element in the attachment process. d. Feeding and contact comfort are equally important in the attachment process.
C
200
Children can experience a number of sleep problems including narcolepsy which is characterized by: a. extreme daytime sleepiness. b. difficulty going to sleep. c. difficulty staying asleep. d. nightmares.
A-extreme daytime sleepiness
300
Two birth defects that are related to a failure of the neural tube to close at about 24 days after conception are _____ and _____. a. Down syndrome; Tay-Sachs disease b. Trisomy 13; Trisomy 18 c. spina bifida; anencephaly d. ADHD; autism
D-ADHD; autism
300
In which of the following circumstances should the mother NOT breast feed her baby? a. If she has AIDS b. If she is suffering from postpartum depression c. If the baby has low birth weight d. If the baby is overweight
A-If she has AIDS
300
When two individuals focus on the same object or event, it constitutes: a. sensory attention. b. joint attention. c. amalgamous attention. d. synchronous attention.
B- Joint attention
300
The infant’s ability to regulate emotions is tied to: a. the gradual maturation of the frontal regions of the cerebral cortex. b. parental history of emotional control. c. the pace of myelination in the parietal lobe. d. the growth of the cerebellum in the initial four months after birth.
A
300
Which of the following statements regarding parental smoking is true? a. Children are at risk for health problems when they live in homes in which a parent smokes. b. Most children and adolescents in the United States are exposed to tobacco smoke in the home. c. Children exposed to tobacco smoke in the home are no more likely to develop asthma than children in nonsmoking homes. d. Parental smoking is the leading cause for death in young children in the United States.
A
400
A teratogen is any agent that can cause: a. organogenesis. b. birth defects. c. fetal movement. d. maternal back pain.
B-birth defects
400
_____ are built-in reactions to stimuli; they govern the newborn’s movements, which are automatic and beyond the newborn’s control. a. Instincts b. Reflexes c. Impulses d. Urges
B-Reflexes
400
Which is the process by which information gets into memory? a. Encoding b. Encrypting c. Enlisting d. Enumerating
A-Encoding
400
Three-month-old Zoey looks up at her mother and smiles. Researchers call this type of smiling: a. trust smiling. b. social smiling. c. reflexive smiling. d. attachment smiling.
B-social smiling
400
The second Piagetian stage of development is the preoperational stage, which lasts from approximately _____ years of age. a. 1 to 3 b. 2 to 7 c. 4 to 10 d. 5 to 12
B- 2 to 7
500
The birth process occurs in _____ stages. a. three b. two c. four d. five
A-three
500
_____ motor skills are skills that involve large-muscle activities, such as moving one’s arms and walking. a. Fine b. Gross c. Learned d. Major
B-Gross
500
When children experience cognitive conflict in trying to understand the world, they shift from one stage of thought to the next. For example, experiencing conflict with peers may lead to an attempt to reduce conflict. The mechanism through which this shift occurs is called _____. a. equilibration b. assimilation c. organization d. amalgamation
A-equilibration
500
“Easy,” “difficult,” and “slow-to-warm-up” are three basic types of _____ identified by psychiatrists Alexander Chess and Stella Thomas. a. trust b. emotion c. attachment d. temperament
D-temperament
500
Zone of proximal development (ZPD) is Vygotsky’s term for: a. a young adult’s cognitive development achieved through interaction with children. b. the variety of work that a child can do with ease at a particular stage of cognitive development. c. how the environment and a child’s genetically programmed learning ability interact during a critical period. d. the range of tasks difficult for a child to master alone but that can be learned with help from adults.
D