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Introduction
History of Agency
Conceptualising agency in practice
Conclusion
100
What has childhood studies begun to take up insisting that difference, as well as equality, must be goals of participation.
A social (rather than liberal) model of agency.
100
What is one minimal way of defining children's as agents?
They act purposively. They are not only acted upon; and they do not act only according to biological or mechanical programming.
100
Looking at children's contribution to the organization of their daily routine at school, if a liberal model of agency is assumed then how are children viewed?
Children will we recognized as imperfect agents. Their views may be considered and then discarded...adults are closer to liberal criteria of rationality and competence..entitled to overrule them.
100
Describe the changes that would take place in the incorporation of social perspectives into conceptualisations of children's agency.
1) It would complicate the proposition that agency is straightforwardly a personal attribute 2) The differences between children--to ensure that privileged children are not recognised as agents and therefore entitled to participate, excluding those in a lower class
200
valentine argues that children's agency must be carefully conceptualised to accommodate (3) things. What are they?
1) The specificity of different children's lives 2) What is shared between children 3) What is universal to children and adults
200
What is moral agency? (Within liberal philosophical and political traditions)
Something attained by adults and requires rationality, self-awareness and a sense of futurity.
200
What is a 'difference within equality' model?
Argues that specific procedures are needed to ensure that children can contribute.
300
The liberal model of agency excludes children _______ where it does not _______ .
implicitly; explicitly
300
Why do liberal traditions appear to be unhelpful for childhood studies?
They impose criteria for moral agency that most children cannot meet.
300
What difficult task arises when a social model is used when thinking about agency?
Requires considering not only how children shape and are shaped by school...but also the differences in power and privilege between children in school environments.
400
valentine argues agency cannot be understood as what?
The exercise of authentic choice or self-directed action.
400
Why are young children not recognised as full moral agents?
They have an insufficiently developed sense of consequences and the independent lives of others.
400
Why is a social model of agency a more ambivalent affair than liberal models?
It argues that agency is an achievement of the subject, and the product of power, and so renders problematic the notion of 'free choice' or 'autonomous activity'
500
Childhood studies argues children demonstrate their agency through what?...What does their agency entitle them to?
Through competence, strategy and awareness...their agency entitles them to greater participation and more rights.
500
What is the SECOND difficultly with structuration as a model for childhood agency?
Its reliance on more-or-less conscious, rational and self-interested practice.
500
What are the two dimensions concerning the idea that children have agency and its acceptance.
1) Not require children to be like adults 2) Not require children to have the social privileges that have been understood has bestowing adult agency