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Ethical Aspects of Health Care
Nursing Today
The Health Care delivery System
Ethics and Values
ALL
100
Behavior in accordance with custom or tradition and usually reflects personal or religious beliefs.
What is Morality?
100
"What it is and what it is not," she established the first nursing philosophy based on health maintenance and restoration. She saw the role of nursing as having "charge of somebody's health" based on the knowledge of " how to put the body in such a state to be free of disease to or recover from disease".
Who is Florence Nightingale?
100
The prospective payment system (PPS) grouped inpatient hospital services for Medicare patients into this. Each group has a fixed reimbursement amount with adjustments based on case severity, rural/urban/regional costs, and teaching costs.
What is diagnosis-related groups (DRGs)?
100
This is philosophy. This measures the effect that an act will have.
What is Utilitarianism?
100
This is ethical theory. Actions are based on moral rules and unchanging principles, such as "do unto others as you would have them unto you." An ethical person must always follow the rules, even if doing so causes a less desirable outcome. This theory states that the motives of the actor determine the goodness or values of the act. Thus, a bad outcome is acceptable as long as the intent was good.
What is deontology?
200
Ethical theory, a "veil of ignorance" regarding who is affected by a decision should be used by decision makers, because it allows for unbiased decision making. An ethical person chooses the action that is fair to all, including those persons who are most disadvantaged.
What is Justice and equity?
200
Influences on nursing
What are Health care reform, demographic change, medically underserved, threat of bioterrorism, rising health care costs, and nursing shortage?
200
Delirium, falls, pressure ulcers, and psychotropic drug use
What are examples of resident assessment protocols?
200
The key steps in the resolution of an ethical dilemma.
What are: Step 1: Ask the question, is this an ethical dilemma? Step 2: Gather information relevant to the case. Step 3: Clarify values. Step 4: Verbalize the problem. Step 5: Identify possible courses of action. Step 6: Negotiate a plan step 7: Evaluate the plan over time.
200
Burkhardt and Nathaniel (2008) list four virtues that are more significant than others and that are illustrative of a virtuous person.
What are compassion, discernment, trustworthiness, and integrity?
300
Ethical principle: be sure that patients have consented to all treatments and procedures; become familiar with local, state, and national laws and facility policies dealing with advance directives; never release patient information of any kind unless there is a signed release; do not discuss patients with anyone who is not professionally involved in their care; protect the physical privacy of patients.
What is autonomy?
300
Assessment, diagnosis, outcomes identification, planning, implementation, evaluation.
What are ANA standards of nursing practice?
300
This is a problem-solving approach to clinical practice that involves that conscientious use of current best evidence, along with clinical expertise and patient preferences and values in making decisions about patient care.
What is evidence-based practice?
300
This philosophy looks to the nature of relationships to guide participants in making difficult decisions, especially relationships in which power is unequal or in which a point of view has become ignored or invisible.
What is feminist ethics?
300
This is an ethical principle. Here are examples: admit mistakes promptly. Offer to do whatever is necessary to correct them; refuse to participate in any form of fraud; give an "honest day's work" every day.
What is veracity?
400
This was first adopted by the American Hospital Association (AHA), in 1973, and was revised in 1982 and 1992. This bill was developed to assure that the health care system would be fair and meet patient needs.
What is a patient's bill of rights?
400
Five levels of proficiency (Benner et al., 2010), a nurse with more than 2 to 3 years of experience in the same clinical position. This nurse perceives a patient's clinical situation as a whole, is able to assess an entire situation, and can readily transfer knowledge gained from multiple previous experiences to a situation. This nurse focuses on managing care as opposed to managing and performing skills.
What is proficient?
400
Nursing quality indicators
What are patient falls, patient falls with injury, pressure ulcers, staff mix, nursing hours per patient day, RN surveys on job satisfaction and practice environment scale, RN education and certification, pediatric pain assessment cycle, pediatric intravenous infiltration rate, psychiatric patient assault rate, restraint prevalence, nurse turnover, and hospital-acquired infections of ventilator-associated pneumonia, central line-associated bloodstream infection, catheter-associated urinary tract infection.
400
This is a set of guiding principles that all members of a profession accept. It is a collective statement about the group's expectations and standards of behavior.
What is a code of ethics?
400
Raths, Harmin, and Simon (1978, p.47) formulated a theory of values clarification and proposed a three-step process of valuing. What is this three-step?
What is choosing, prizing and acting?
500
The American Hospital Association, the National League of Nursing, the National Institutes of Health, and the American Association of Colleges of Nursing have all designated this as the highest priority.
What is Quality and Safety Initiatives?
500
Quality and Safety Education for Nurses (QSEN) initiative to respond to reports about safety and quality patient care by the IOM. QSEN addresses the challenge to prepare nurses with the competencies needed to continuously improve the quality of care in their work environments. What are competencies?
What is patient-centered care, teamwork and collaboration, evidence based practice, quality improvement, safety, and informatics?
500
The American Nurses Credentialing Center (ANCC) established this to recognize health care organizations that achieve excellence in nursing practice.
What is the Magnet Recognition Program?
500
The evidence shows that fully 45% of nurses considered leaving their positions to alleviate the burden of this. It describes the anguish experienced when a person feels unable to act according to closely held core values.
What is moral distress?
500
The International Council of Nurses (ICN) Code of ethics for nurses has four principal elements that outline the standard of ethical conduct.
What is 1. Nurses and people, 2. Nurses and practice, 3. Nurses and the profession, and 4. Nurses and co-workers?