It results in "normal" variation (e.g. different size, structure); it can also result in abnormalities.
How do genetics account for individual differences in brain development?
100
Frontal lobe (reasoning and problem solving) develop earlier in adolescence.
Prefrontal cortex (judgement and impulse control) develop in late adolescence & early adulthood.
What is parts of the brain develop during adolescence?
100
filters information to exclude trivial information and focus on important material
What is reticular activating system?
100
initiation, continuation and drive to complete the task
What is the actions involved in motivation
100
The network theory
The theory that aims to explain how a stimulus or event triggers emotions
200
During gestation it can inhibit neuron and glial cell growth, and during early childhood it can decrease production of the myelin sheath.
How can poor nutrition harm development?
200
Newborns have about 1 million synapses, which increases to about 1 billion by age three. Throughout later childhood, the process of pruning removes neural connections which are not used.
How does the number of synapses change during development?
200
perceived importance, novelty, intensity, movement
What is the Factors that influence perception?
200
A person's belief in one's ability to succeed or reach a goal
What is Self-Efficacy
200
It regulates emotions in the amygdala and is involved in cognitively interpreting the stimulus or event
What is the prefrontal cortex
300
Talking or singing to a fetus can help establish neural connections.
Language rich environments can enhance language capabilities.
Provide an example of how environment can promote brain development.
300
"Windows of time" in which certain abilities develop particularly well.
What are sensitive periods?
300
The process of stabilizing and strengthening neural (synaptic) connections
What is Consolidation?
300
People are motivated by them or the expectation of them occurring
What are rewards
300
These neurotransmitters enhances memory of a stimulus or event that triggered emotions. They are secreted by the adrenal cortex in order to produce emotional autonomic responses.
What are epinephrine and norepinephrine
400
Excessive stress hormones can cause neurons to die.
How can steroids negatively impact brain development?
400
Months 4-7, during which almost all prenatal brain development occurs.
When is prenatal neural development most prolific?
400
Organization, rehearsal, elaboration
What is consolidation strategies?
400
This neurotransmitter is fired during expectation of a reward
What is dopamine
400
Too much of this prevents neural network formation. On the other hand, some of this can preserve motivation and actually strengthen the synapses and aid in the passing of information from one neuron to another.
What is stress?
500
caffeine in large doses
the rubella virus
alcohol
What are some examples of teratogens?
500
Infant brains use about 60% of all energy expended while adult brain use about 20%.
Do infant or adult brains consume more energy?
500
orthographic, phonological, syntactic, semantic processing is used together in
What is language learning/coordinated reading
500
Cognition, emotions and behaviors that combine to form neural connections. These connections are critical for learning.
What is a motivational state
500
Too much stress or emotions can negatively impact learning. Unlike the other neurotransmitters, cortisol is long lasting. and can destroy the hippocampus and decrease cognitive functions. Further, it reduces the number of synapses and can damage neurons.