Show:
Italian Renaissance
Northern Renaissance
Protestant Reformation
Catholic Reformation
Wars of Religion
100
What are at least two key characteristics that were predominant in Renaissance art work that sets it apart from what came before?
Realism; perspective; classical themes (Greek & Roman); humanism (focus on individual); secular (non-religious topics)
100
What types of art work became prevalent in the Northern part of Europe?
Realistic portraits; landscapes, more religious and less classical (Greek & Roman) themes
100
Who kicked off the Protestant Reformation and why? In what century did this happen?
Martin Luther; fed up with Church corruption & worldliness; especially upset about sale of indulgences; 1500s (16th century)
100
How did the Church attempt to stop the spread of Luther and other's dangerous WRITINGS? Give examples of what you mean.
Created the index; banned 95 Theses; In Praise of Folly; Utopia; The Prince
100
What were the French Protestant minority called and what finally allowed them to practice their religion freely?
Huguenots; Edict of Nantes
200
For what two pieces of art was the epitome of a "Renaissance Man" known?
Mona Lisa & The Last Supper
200
What major innovation helped to dramatically changed the social, political and religious structure of Europe? Who is behind this innovation?
Printing Press; Johannes Guttenberg
200
Who was another Protestant who followed Luther's criticism but change some of the views? What was his major disagreement with Luther?
John Calvin; predestination (believed God had predetermined who was saved)
200
What was the major meeting of Catholics to discuss Protestant criticism of the Church in the 1500 called? What did they finally decide?
Council of Trent; Catholic teachings were correct; Protestants=heretics
200
Where did the Thirty Years War begin?
Holy Roman Empire
300
Give two examples of Italian Renaissance SECULAR works.
School of Athens, Mona Lisa, Courtier, The Prince
300
What famous secular writer came out of the Northern Renaissance? Give one example of this writer's work.
William Shakespeare; Romeo and Juliet, Macbeth, Julius Ceasar
300
Name two major differences in beliefs of the Protestants and the Catholic Church during the 1500s.
1 - Prot: Faith is key to salvation; Cath: faith AND good works are key to salvation; 2 - Prot- people should be able to read and interpret Bible on their own; Cath- priests have a role in helping people interpret Bible b/c they have necessary training
300
What was created (and by who) to help better educate people and convert non-Christians to Catholicism?
Jesuits (Society of Jesus) - Ignasius of Loyola
300
What family wielded the most power in Europe? What religion were they?
Hapsburgs; Catholic
400
Give three specific, DISTINCT reasons why the Renaissance began in the Italian city-states.
1- Italian city states' position enabled them to have access to trade, ideas and wealth 2 - Wealthy merchant families used this wealth to pay for artists to do great works (encouraging the spread of new art/literature) 3 - Italian city states geographically well-placed to study ancient Roman & Greek culture as humanism develops
400
How was humanism transformed in Northern Europe into something new?
Christian Humanism - the idea that an individual could work to improve themselves morally; they are capable of reading the Bible and understanding it on their own to help make society a better place
400
What was the first REGION to break from the Catholic Church and which was the first country? How did the country break away?
1 - German states of Holy Roman Empire; 2 - England; 3- Henry VIII declared Act of Supremacy (established Church of England; ended power of Pope in England)
400
What did the Catholic Church create to uncover heretics and try to keep people from leaving the faith?
Inquisition
400
Why was Philip II of Spain so angry with Elizabeth I? What did he do to try to punish her?
She had helped Protestants in the Spanish Netherlands in their fight against Spain; Philip sent his Spanish Armada (fleet) against her but lost.
500
What SPECIFICALLY did Machiavelli argue in THE PRINCE about promises and being loved?
1 - Only keep those promises that don't hurt you; if it doesn't benefit you to keep a promise, then break it (others won't keep their promises to you anyway); 2 - try to be loved and feared but if you have to choose between the two be feared b/c people will obey you more if they fear you (if they only love you then they won't feel obligated to follow you when their own security is threatened); but don't be hated b/c then you always have to watch your back
500
Who were two famous Christian Humanists and what were they known for?
Sir Thomas More - Utopia; Erasmus - In Praise of Folly
500
What were two SOCIAL causes of the size of the Protestant Reformation?
1 - Printing Press spread ideas much faster so people had access to criticism of the Church 2 - Ideals of humanism and secularism of the Renaissance meant some people were more willing to question what they had been told (rather than before)
500
Name three countries/regions that were primarily Catholic after the Protestant Reformation.
Spain; Italy; France; Holy Roman Empire; Portugal
500
Why do we say the Thirty Years War started as a religious war but became political? BE SPECIFIC. What treaty ended the war and what were its terms?
Cardinal Richelieu entered France on the side of the Protestants in the war (even if France was Catholic) in order to take power away from the Hapsburg families (Spain, HRE). It worked; Treaty of Westphalia said that all rulers could choose the religion of their own population and that countries wouldn't go to war over this issue anymore.