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Anatomy of the Ear
Sound Properites
Hearing
Localization and Organization in Hearing
Speech Perception
100
Basilar membrane
What is a membrane that stretches the length of the cochlea and controls the vibration of the cochlear partition?
100
Hertz
What is the unit for designating the frequency of a tone. One Hertz equals one cycle per second.
100
Presbicusis
What is a form of sensorineural hearing loss that occurs as a function of age and is usually associated with a decrease in the ability to hear high frequencies?
100
Spectral cues for auditory localization
What are localization cues provided by the the head position and the pinnae?
100
Speech segmentation
What is the process of perceiving individual words from the continuous flow of the speech signal?
200
Pinnae, the auditory canal, and the tympanic membrane. The pinnae helps to localize the sound. The auditory canal enhances the sound through resonance. Tympanic membrane transmits the sound wave vibrations to the ossicles in the middle ear
What are the parts of the outer ear and their functions?
200
Pitch
What is the quality of sound, ranging from low to high, that is most closely associated with the frequency of a tone.
200
Phase locking
What is firing of auditory neurons in synchrony with the rise and fall of the pressure of an auditory stimulus.
200
Acoustic shadow
What is the shadow created by the head that decreases the level of high-frequency sounds on the opposite side of the head? It is the basis of the localization cue of interaural level difference.
200
Coaticulation
What is the overlapping articulation that occurs when different phonemes follow one another in speech? Because of these effects, the same phoneme can be articulated differently depending on the context in which it appears.
300
Amplify vibrations from the air for transmission through liquid with three bones (ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes)
What is the function of the middle ear?
300
Tone (pure tone) as opposite to complex tone
What is tone with pressure changes that can be described by a single sine wave?
300
Traveling wave
What is in the auditory system, vibration of the basilar membrane in which the peak of the vibration travels from the base of the membrane to its apex?
300
Similarity of pitch
What is the grouping law that the scale illusion is based on?
300
Wernicke’s aphasia
What is an inability to comprehend words or arrange sounds into coherent speech, caused by damage to Wernicke’s area?
400
Cilia
What is fine hairs that protrude from the inner and outer hair cells of the auditory system. Bending the cilia of the inner hair cells leads to transduction.
400
Tone height
What is the increase in pitch that occurs as frequency is increased?
400
Tonotopic map
What is an ordered map of frequencies created by the responding of neurons within structures in the auditory system? There is a _ map of neurons along the length of the cochlea, with neurons at the apex (beginning) responding best to low frequencies and neurons at the base(end) responding best to high frequencies.
400
Azimuth
What specifies locations that vary from left to right relative to the listener?
400
Broca’s aphasia
What are language problems including labored and stilted speech and short sentences, caused by damage to Broca’s area in the frontal lobe.
500
​Dampen the ossicles vibrations
What is the function of muscles in the middle ear?
500
Fundamental frequency
What is the first harmonic of a complex tone; usually the lowest frequency in the frequency spectrum of a complex tone? The tone’s other components, called higher harmonics, have frequencies that are multiples of the__.
500
Temporal coding
What is the connection between the frequency of a sound stimulus and the timing of the auditory nerve fiber firing? Happens in a form of phase-locking.
500
Interaural time difference (ITD)
What provides a cue for sound localization and can tell the the sound comes from the side? When a sound is positioned closer to one ear than to the other, the sound reaches the close ear slightly before reaching the far ear, so there is a difference in the time of arrival at the two ears.
500
Statistical learning
What is the process of learning about transitional probabilities and other characteristics of the environment. _ _ for properties of language has been demonstrated in young infants of 8 months old.