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Adult Disorders of Language and Cognition
Aphasia
Neural Development
Neural Development 2
Neuroplasticity
100
A lesion on a motor cortex would cause what type of communicative deficit....?
Facial muscle weakness/paralysis (Dysarthria)
100
What is Aphasia?
an acquired, multimodal language disorder
100
During neural development, what germ layer does the nervous system arise from? What week?
Ectoderm; week 3
100
The telencephalon, present at 5-6 weeks GA, turns into which adult neurological structures?
Cerebral Cortex and subcortical structures
100
Katie is a 16 year old girl diagnosed with Rasmussen's Syndrome. Rasmussen's Syndrome causes frequent seizures, and the only way to "cure" it is to surgically remove the affected cortical tissue. At age 8, Katie underwent a partial lobectomy to try and eliminate the seizures. Unfortunately, the surgery was only successful for a few years. At age 13, Katie started having seizures again. This time, Katie's parents opted for a complete left hemispherectomy. Incredibly, after surgery Katie had no motor-speech or language comprehension deficits. The only deficits present were executive function, mild right motoric movements, and right neglect. Cognitive testing improved after surgery, too. What is your reasoning behind this?
Katie's right hemisphere started taking over for her damaged left hemisphere well before the surgery.
200
Define Alexia and determine the lesion site.
Inability to read; angular gyrus
200
List 3 common causes of aphasia
CVA, TBI, encephalopathy
200
True or False: Neuralation starts at day 13 and ends on day 28.
False! It starts at day 18 and ends on day 28.
200
We should expect a full compliment of neurons by.....?
~25 weeks
300
What communicative effect results from a lesion to Broca's area?
lack of motor/speech function (Broca's Aphasia)
300
Ruth, an 88 year woman living at a nursing home, suddenly has the inability to speak. Her speech is slurred, she is unable to articulate fluent sentences, and she struggles to say even simple utterances. Nurses also noted she seems 'zoned-out' when they tried to talk to her, almost as if she wasn't able to understand what they were saying to her. She was rushed to the ER, and after a CT scan, professionals diagnosed her with Global Aphasia. You know that Ruth's global aphasia is most likely caused by a lesion to the ______? What are the concomitant deficits associated with global aphasia?
MCA stem; lack of comprehension AND no motor speech function
300
If the inferior portion of the neural tube fails to close properly, the individual will most likely have...?
Spina Bifida
300
Lissencephaly is a rare brain disorder that causes the cerebral cortex and surrounding cortical tissues to have a flat appearance (i.e. no convolutions). When SHOULD convolutions appear by?
~20 weeks
400
List the fluent aphasias
Conduction, Wernicke's, Anomic
400
Describe the two broad classes of developmental mechanisms
Activity independent (based on genetics); Activity dependent (based on the experiences of the individual)
400
The diencephalon is a cortical structure present at 5-6 weeks GA. What two cortical/sub-cortical structures makeup the diencephalon?
Thalamus and hypothalamus
500
John is a child coming to you after his parents are concerned with his speech and ability to communicate. During your evaluation, you note that he can say the initial consonant /l/ in the word 'like;' however, when he says the word 'balloon,' his /l/ becomes more of a /d/ or /n/. (i.e. 'badoon' and then 'banoon') After testing and observations, you come up with a diagnosis of Childhood Apraxia of Speech. What is the location of the lesion that causes CAS?
Motor association areas
500
What is the hallmark feature of conduction aphasia? Where is the lesion?
Repetition is disproportionately gone; lesion on the arcuate fasciculus
500
The blastocyst turns into the _______________ at week _____________ and it is the first evidence of ________________.
embryonic disk; week 2; lamination/differentiation
500
Neurons are "born" in the......
Subventricular zone