Show:
Respiratory
Circulatory
Nervous
Muscle
Reproduction
100
What is opposite flow of adjacent fluids that maximizes transfer rates? For example, blood in the gills of fish flow in the opposite direction in which water passes over the gills, maximizing oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide loss.
What is countercurrent flow?
100
The type of circulatory system present in most mollusks and arthropods is ______? hint- this type consists of no vessels; blood and interstitial fluid/hemolymph
What is open circulatory system?
100
A sensory nueron stimulating a motor nueron is reffered to as a what?
What is reflex?
100
A FIBER is made up of myo_____, which are composed of myo______.
What is myofibril; myofilaments (ACTIN and MYOSIN) ?
100
Name 3 types of asexual reproduction.
What is propogation/runners (plants) fission (bacteria) budding fragmentation/regeneration (worms, starfish)
200
Oxygen has an affinity to iron in the protein ______, therefore most O2 is carried in RBC's. Most CO2 however is carried as _______.
What is hemoglobin; bicarbonate ions?
200
Which is incorrectly paired? Fish- 2 chambered heart Amphibians- 3 chambers Reptiles-3 chambers Birds-2 chambers Mammals-4 chambers
What is "Birds- 2 chambers." Birds also have a 4 chambered heart, in which oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood are kept seperate.
200
Describe the path of a signal as it moves through a nueron.
The dentrites (branched) act as receptors for the signal. The signal then moves through the cell body/Soma, and down the Axon. The signal will then pass through the synapse to the next dentrites. Remember Schwann cells make up an axon, which are covered by the mylein sheath, and seperated by nodes of ranveir.
200
ACH causes a heart muscle to ________ but a skeletal cell to _____.
What is RELAX ; CONTRACT?
200
Describe the advantage of having internal v external development.
External involves eggs, needing a protective covering, and the release of TONS of eggs so that atleast some survive/get fertilized. They are less complex, present in fish/amphibians. Internal- more complex, more protectively covered (in either organ or amniotic egg), less eggs produced, higher survival rate. Reptiles and up
300
When CO2 uptake increases, carbonic acid levels increase in the blood and drops the pH. What structures are responsible for sending a signal to muscle cells to contract the diaphragm, bringing in more O2?
What are the Pons and Medulla?
300
Lowest blood pressure are in ______? Highest BP are in ______? Lowest velocity in _____?
What is veins, arteries, capillaires?
300
When a nueron is stimulated, an action potential results. This means that Potassuim (K) goes ____ and Soduim (Na) goes ____.
What is out; in?
300
Energy for myosin heads to move is provided by ___
What is ATP?
300
_________ is meosis in males, results in 4 cells from one. ________ is meosis in females; produces 1 cell.
What is spermatogensis ; oogenisis.
400
Mammals ventilate with ________ by contracting and relaxing rib muscles and the diaphragm, which changes the volume and hence the pressure of the chest cavity and lungs relative to the atmosphere.
What is negative pressure breathing?
400
Hemoglobin acts as a buffer against _____?
What is carbonic acid from CO2?
400
Which are incorrectly paired? Medulla Oblongata- visceral reflexes Cerebellum- muscle coordination Hypothalamus- body temp, hunger, fight or flight Cerebrum- movement, feelings, thinking, divided into two hemispheres
What is TRICK QUESTION none are ! (:
400
When a muscle cell is stimulated, it triggers the release of ____. This causes binding sites on Actin to be exposed, allowing myosin to grab onto actin. THis results in a muslce contraction.
What is calcuim? When the cell is no longer stimulated, calcuim is no longer released, and the binding sites are again covered by tropomyosin, prohibiting myosin from holding on, and the fimalments return to their resting position.
400
Name 4 chemicals invloved in the menstural cycle.
What is Pitiuitary Releases: FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)- peaks before ovulation LH- peaks before ovulation Ovaries Release: Progesterone- builds up endometruim Estrogen
500
Gas exchange occurs where?
What is alveoli?
500
A mutation in the gene for hemoglobin may lead to what condition?
What is sickle cell anemia?
500
Describe the divisions of the PNS?
The PNS is divided into Sensory (afferent) and Motor(efferent). -Motor is divided into Somatic(voluntary) and Autonomic(unvoluntary). -Autonomic is then divided into Sympathetic ("fight or flight") or Parasympathetic (returning body to normal state).
500
Muscles occur in ______ ______.
What is antagonistic pairs? The contraction of one muscle results in the prime mover returning to its resting lenght.
500
The tube shared by the excretory, reproductive, and digestivee system is called the ___?
What is the cloaca?