Increase in emergence and resurgence of infectious disease
Who is affected or involved
Connection to the ecohealth approach
Miscellaneous
More reasons for emergence/re-emergence
100
The removal of forest or a stand of trees where the land is thereafter used for non-forest use
What is deforestation
100
Are affected the most because of combined social, economic and environmental vulnerability.
What is developing countries
100
Stresses the enhancement of the health of ecosystems which in turn improves community well-being and human health
What is the ecohealth approach
100
These are still the main cause of death globally
What are infectious disease
100
Extensive use of these can alter predator-prey interactions
What is pesticides
200
Increasing proportion of the population is living in urban centres or subdivisions of urban centres
What is urbanization
200
Global warming stimulates the flow of disease vectors from tropical to temperate zones which causes an increasing concern for these countries.
What is developed countries
200
These are the three pillars of the ecohealth approach
What are transdisciplinarity, participation and equity
200
This is an example of emerging and re-emerging diseases
What is HIV, dengue fever, malaria or yellow fever
200
If we eliminate natural enemies we create this for the animal we intend to eliminate
What is new ecological niche
300
This amplifies the risk of exposure to pathogens formally confined to animals.
What is humans being introduced into ecological niches
300
The rapid spread of infectious disease challenges these, particularly in developing countries.
What are national health systems
300
The integration of diverse scientific/research disciplines and the involvment of community embers and policy/decision makers in the development of a common vision of a problem
What is transdisciplinarity
300
These are defined as diseases whose pathogenic agents are unknown or unexpected or whose incidence has increased in the past 2 decades
What is emergence or re-emerging diseases
300
Mass migration to urban areas lacking this can increase vulnerability to disease
What is adequate infrastructure
400
Used to fight bacterial infections and can increase resistance of bacteria causing infectious disease.
What are antibiotics
400
These should be considered as part of the ecosystem
What are humans
400
Ecosystems must be this in order to keep humans healthy
What is resilent, healthy, productive or diverse
400
This has been defined as the resurgence of a known disease after a significant decline in its incidence
What is re-emergence
400
The new form of this reduces the sphere of democratic control and regulation which akes the natural and social environment more vulnerable
What is capatalism
500
Amplifies the impact of urbanization, poverty, unemployment and social exclusion and can aggravate the the emergence/resurgence of infectious disease.
What is globalization
500
These should be involved in any ecohealth approach
What are communities, scientists, policy makers
500
Cumulative stresses on ecosystems from these sources results in loss of ecosystem resilience/health and subesquently places humans at risk
What is anthropogenic
500
Emergence as new agents has resulted from significant changes in these two conditions favouring access to new host populations or increase of virulence in immune-compromised hosts
What are social and environmental
500
This has accelerated detrimental impacts on the environment