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100
Name two characteristics of STM
STM stores information for a short period of time, and has capacity limits
100
Give three manipulations of retrieval.
What is: Environment, delay, instructions.
100
What findings counter the total time hypothesis?
What is: The effects of Spaced vs Massed Presentation.
100
In the video seen in class, Loftus was investigating false memory formation by telling people that a specialized computer processed their responses and formulated a summary of their experiences. One was false. How did this experiment differ from Loftus's previous experiments?
What is: She was investigating her ability to actually change people's preferences and opinions for things through false memories.
100
An especially high number of memories from ages 10-30 is?
What is: What is the Reminiscence bump?
200
Memory Span measures what? What is it's value?
What is: STM capacity and 7+-2 items is the capacity.
200
Give an example of explicit and implicit LTMs.
What is: Explicit: Dentist appointment next Tuesday. Implicit: How to drive a car.
200
Name the two important findings of the Spacing Effect Experiment.
What is: More presentations did yield better recall but there was a significant increase for spaced words. So the total recall hypothesis doesn’t explain the whole picture.
200
What is a critical lure regarding the DRM paradigm?
What is: A related but nonpresented word that subjects often confidently state they remember hearing
200
Why is counterbalancing critical to designing within group experiments.
What is:It rotates the participants through the order of the elements in the procedure so that results are not skewed by such confounds as attention and adaptation to the experiment.
300
Explain the serial position curve.
What is: Subjects see a list of items and then told to recall. Recency and Primacy effects occur. That is there is superior recall for the beginning and end of the list.
300
What are the two types of explicit long term memory?
What is: Semantic memory and Episodic memory
300
What did the SCUBA experiment find?
What is: Recall was better when both learning and testing conditions were the same, as in land/land and water/water, than when they were mixed.
300
Given an example of Loftus’s basic procedure in trying to create completely new false memories.
What is:She contacted family to get the real account as well as factual details about childhood. Then she presented the subjects with 4 passages from their childhood with one being a false occurrence featuring believable details. The subjects had to write their own account under the provided passage. A week later they had to recall the true memories.
300
Encoding is better during periods of rapid change followed by stability is an example of one of the causes of this.
What is: What is the Reminiscence bump?
400
What were the findings of Baddeley and Hitch's Reasoning Experiment?
What is: The longer the digit span, the slower participants responded to the reasoning task.
400
Give an example of the behavioral problems that would result from damage to episodic memory vs. semantic.
What is: Episodic: Mood is intact. Providing instances of having to do something is compromised but the procedure for doing it is not. May no be able to provide currant age or tell what is wrong with them despite knowledge that there is a problem. Semantic: Knowledge of word meaning might be gone. The recall of historical facts/ common procedures is gone. Personal experiences though are intact.
400
cue-words, diaries and interview are examples of?
What is: What are the methods of studying autobiographical memory?
400
– Describe the warning experiment.
What is: Subjects told that the words in the study lists would sometimes relate to 1 common word that was never presented, subjects hear DRM lists and then take recognition test, confidence ratings were recorded. 2 conditions: presented and non-presented.
400
Give the two examples of dissociations seen in experiments explained in class:
What is: Recency effect is terminated by addition of filler task after studying but primacy is not. Thus the manipulation affected two variables differently. Adding the manipulation of a delay of test for explicit and implicit testing diminishes recall for explicit the test but not in the implicit test.
500
Name one way of overcoming STM’s capacity limit.
What is Chunking.
500
Name the three components of Baddeley’s Model of Working Memory.
What is:Phonological loop, episodic buffer, visuospatial sketchpad.
500
Provide an example that would implement context-dependent memory, the testing effect, and the spacing effect.
What is: Context dependent memory: studying in the same room you are to take a test, taking an exam in the same rooms lectures are given, retracing your steps after losing something The testing effect: giving yourself practice tests in advance to your exam, The spacing effect: studying for an hour a day, throughout the week before an exam
500
Explain Loftus’s car accident experiment. Including the follow up question asked to participants.
What is: Participants watched a video of a car accident and then asked how fast they thought the car was going when it hit. The verb used in the question varied from contacted to smashed in intensity. The follow up question was: “Was there broken glass”. Results: Almost linear progression of speed estimates with the intensity of the verb used. Subjects who had heard “smashed” were more likely to claim to have seen glass.
500
Explain the LOP theory and an example of a shallow vs deep question that was or could be used.
What is: Different depths of using the information when encoding will yield different levels of memory recall. Deep: Rating pleasantness of word. Shallow: Answering the question: Does the word contain the letters a or n?